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Análise de Risco da Descarga de Águas de Lastro no Porto de Lisboa – Relevância das Principais Rotas Marítimas
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
A introdução de espécies não nativas em ecossistemas aquáticos é considerada como uma das quatro
maiores ameaças aos Oceanos, sendo a descargas de águas de lastro, por parte dos navios, considerada
como o principal vector de introdução. Portugal, um país historicamente ligado ao mar, tem estado
bastante exposto a este problema, tendo os grandes portos nacionais, e em conjunto com as entidades
nacionais responsáveis, obrigatoriedade de proteção, controlo e mitigação destas invasões biológicas.
As convenções internacionais que se foram estabelecendo a partir do final do século XX, como a
BWMC e a OSPAR, têm desenvolvido importantes ferramentas de análise de risco e diretrizes para a
implementação de uma gestão sustentável das águas de lastro. Esta dissertação fará uma análise de
risco das descargas de águas de lastro efetuadas no Porto de Lisboa durante o período de 2009 a 2014,
criando 5 cenários diferentes para as 5 principais fontes de descarga.
Para tal será aplicada a metodologia de análise de risco que a convenção OSPAR sugere, sendo para
isso necessário primeiramente fazer um tratamento estatístico de todos os dados que o Porto de Lisboa
forneceu, referentes às descargas de águas de lastro entre 2009 e 2014, identificar as 5 principais
origens/portos que deslastram os maiores volumes durante esse período, fazer um levantamento das
espécies específicas presentes nesses 5 portos e por fim aplicar um algoritmo de análise de risco. Este,
através de uma série de perguntas chave, irá indicar o risco de inserção de espécies não nativas e
consideradas como potencialmente invasivas, que a descarga das águas provenientes desses portos
tem para o Estuário do Tejo.
O resultado da aplicação desta metodologia revela que 4 dos 5 portos analisados são considerados
como sendo de elevado risco, concluindo-se que é necessário aplicar medidas para a proteção do
Estuário do Tejo e dos Portugueses. Com o objectivo de contribuir para a gestão desta problemática a
nível nacional e em particular pelo Porto de Lisboa, foi elaborado um conjunto de medidas e
apresentadas recomendações ou sugestões.
The introduction of non-native species on aquatic ecosystems is considered one of the fourth major threat for the Oceans, being the discharge of ballast water, trough the ships, considered the main vector of its spread. Portugal, a country historically linked to the sea, has been exposed to this problem, being the largest national ports and the national authorities, the responsibles for the protection, control and mitigation of these biological invasions. The international conventions established since the end of XX century, BWMC and OSPAR, have been developing important tools for risk assessment and guidelines to implement sustainability strategies for the management of the ballast water. This thesis aims to perform a risk assessment of the ballast water discharges made during the period of 2009 and 2014, creating 5 different sceneries for the main origins of discharges. For this purpose, it will be applied a risk assessment methodology suggested by OSPAR, being necessary to perform firstly a statistic treatment of the data provided by the Port of Lisbon for the period 2009 to 2014, identify the main 5 origins/ports responsible for the discharges during this period, perform a survey of target species present in those ports, and finally, apply a risk assessment algorithm. Through key questions, it will show the risk of insertion of non-indigenous species and potentially invaders that ballast water discharged from those specific ports represent for the Tagus Estuary. The final results of the application of this methodology show that 4 of the 5 ports analysed are considered of high risk, being necessary to apply measures in order to protect the Tagus Estuary and the Portuguese. In order to contribute to the management of this problem, at national level and in particular by the Port of Lisbon, it was designed a set of measures, and recommendations or suggestions were presented.
The introduction of non-native species on aquatic ecosystems is considered one of the fourth major threat for the Oceans, being the discharge of ballast water, trough the ships, considered the main vector of its spread. Portugal, a country historically linked to the sea, has been exposed to this problem, being the largest national ports and the national authorities, the responsibles for the protection, control and mitigation of these biological invasions. The international conventions established since the end of XX century, BWMC and OSPAR, have been developing important tools for risk assessment and guidelines to implement sustainability strategies for the management of the ballast water. This thesis aims to perform a risk assessment of the ballast water discharges made during the period of 2009 and 2014, creating 5 different sceneries for the main origins of discharges. For this purpose, it will be applied a risk assessment methodology suggested by OSPAR, being necessary to perform firstly a statistic treatment of the data provided by the Port of Lisbon for the period 2009 to 2014, identify the main 5 origins/ports responsible for the discharges during this period, perform a survey of target species present in those ports, and finally, apply a risk assessment algorithm. Through key questions, it will show the risk of insertion of non-indigenous species and potentially invaders that ballast water discharged from those specific ports represent for the Tagus Estuary. The final results of the application of this methodology show that 4 of the 5 ports analysed are considered of high risk, being necessary to apply measures in order to protect the Tagus Estuary and the Portuguese. In order to contribute to the management of this problem, at national level and in particular by the Port of Lisbon, it was designed a set of measures, and recommendations or suggestions were presented.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Águas de Lastro Análise de Risco Espécies Específicas Porto de Lisboa