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As origens institucionais da moderação da violência: regedorias e concentração em Angola (1914-1974)
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Durante a guerra colonial em Angola (1961-1974), Portugal promoveu uma intensa política de transferência e reagrupamento das populações africanas. Os reagrupamentos, também designados ‘concentrações’, ‘aldeamentos’ ou ‘regedorias’, acabaram por ser identificados, na luta anti-colonial, como ‘campos de concentração’. Os campos prisionais do regime colonial, por seu lado, foram representados e legitimados como ‘aldeamentos’ moderados e humanizados. O que explica esta ambivalência? Partindo da abordagem do desenvolvimento repressivo, esta tese argumenta que a ambiguidade dos aldeamentos estratégicos, que sintetizavam bem-estar e violência, desenvolvimento e repressão, enquanto instituições simultaneamente inclusivas e extrativas, se deve à genética penal deste dispositivo de governo das populações. O sistema penal e a penologia indígena da década de 1950 não apenas anteciparam, como moldaram a estratégia contra-subversiva portuguesa. Para isso, recorre-se a uma análise neo-institucional, focada na identificação, por process-tracing, dos mecanismos causais que ligam a política prisional colonial e a política contra-subversiva. Ao fazê-lo, descobre-se que a ambiguidade entre os dois tipos de concentração deu lugar a uma representação progressivamente mais diferenciada e refinada entre ambos, sem os separar. A concentração das populações torna-se num repertório do reordenamento rural e urbano. Esta evolução fez parte da moralização dos costumes, da externalização da violência física e de várias tentativas de converter as concentrações em pólos económicos. Esse ‘processo civilizacional’ bélico decorreu da generalização da suspeição e da consolidação de novas estruturas governativas multissetoriais que, entre várias atribuições, procuraram controlar os impulsos mais brutais da guerra. A razão por que o fizeram foi estrutural: foi nestas arenas que se sedimentou uma visão sinótica do território angolano que aumentava a interdependência entre os vários distritos da colónia e incentivava esquemas de produção da confiança, forçando um refreamento da repressão. Paradoxalmente, a pressão colocada na moderação da violência acabou por instigar ações punitivas.
During Angola’s anti-colonial war (1961-1974), Portugal promoted an intensive policy of African villagization. Regroupings, also called ‘concentrations’, ‘aldeamentos’ or ‘regedorias’, ended up being equated to concentration camps. Prison camps, in turn, were represented and legitimized as moderate and humanized aldeamentos. What explains this ambivalence? By drawing on the repressive developmentalism approach, this thesis argues that the ambiguity of counter-subversive strategic resettlements, synthetizing welfare and violence, development and coercion, acting both as inclusive and extractive institutions, is institutionally linked to the penal system and native penology of the 1950s. They not only antedated, but also shaped the Portuguese counter-subversive strategy. Concentration became a repertoire of colonial government. In order to do so, a new-institutionalist analysis is pursued, focusing on the identification, through process-tracing, of the causal mechanisms linking colonial prison policy and countersubversion. While so doing, I find that the abovementioned ambiguity is followed by a gradually more differentiated and refined representation of both types of concentration, but still completely entangled. Population concentration became a more rational policy repertoire of rural and urban reordering. This evolution was integral to the moralization of manners, the externalization of physical violence and several attempts to transform concentrations into economic centres. Such wartime ‘civilizational process’ derived from the generalization of suspicion and from the consolidation of new multisectoral government structures that tried to control the most brutal impulses of the war. The reason was structural: it was in these arenas that a synoptic vision of the Angolan territory was crystallized that increased the interdependence of Angola’s districts and stimulated the production of trust, thus curbing repression. The forced moderation of violence fostered, paradoxically, punitive actions.
During Angola’s anti-colonial war (1961-1974), Portugal promoted an intensive policy of African villagization. Regroupings, also called ‘concentrations’, ‘aldeamentos’ or ‘regedorias’, ended up being equated to concentration camps. Prison camps, in turn, were represented and legitimized as moderate and humanized aldeamentos. What explains this ambivalence? By drawing on the repressive developmentalism approach, this thesis argues that the ambiguity of counter-subversive strategic resettlements, synthetizing welfare and violence, development and coercion, acting both as inclusive and extractive institutions, is institutionally linked to the penal system and native penology of the 1950s. They not only antedated, but also shaped the Portuguese counter-subversive strategy. Concentration became a repertoire of colonial government. In order to do so, a new-institutionalist analysis is pursued, focusing on the identification, through process-tracing, of the causal mechanisms linking colonial prison policy and countersubversion. While so doing, I find that the abovementioned ambiguity is followed by a gradually more differentiated and refined representation of both types of concentration, but still completely entangled. Population concentration became a more rational policy repertoire of rural and urban reordering. This evolution was integral to the moralization of manners, the externalization of physical violence and several attempts to transform concentrations into economic centres. Such wartime ‘civilizational process’ derived from the generalization of suspicion and from the consolidation of new multisectoral government structures that tried to control the most brutal impulses of the war. The reason was structural: it was in these arenas that a synoptic vision of the Angolan territory was crystallized that increased the interdependence of Angola’s districts and stimulated the production of trust, thus curbing repression. The forced moderation of violence fostered, paradoxically, punitive actions.
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Palavras-chave
Concentração Colonialismo Aldeamentos Desenvolvimento Repressão Desenvolvimento repressivo Angola Guerra Colonial Violência Campos de concentração Aldeamentos estratégicos Repressive Development Colonial War Violence Concentration Camps Strategic Hamlets