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Análise operacional, económica, social e ambiental do projeto-piloto de recolha seletiva de biorresíduos de Cascais
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Os biorresíduos representam atualmente cerca de 37% dos Resíduos Urbanos (RU)
produzidos em Portugal pelo que a implementação de um sistema de recolha seletiva deste
fluxo será benéfica para a redução dos resíduos indiferenciados. Além do mais, a sua
valorização tem inúmeros benefícios, nomeadamente a produção de biogás, que permite a
produção de energia que pode ser injetada da rede nacional, e a produção de um composto
orgânico de elevada qualidade que permite restituir nutrientes e outros propriedades físico-
químicas aos solos.
Face ao número de países que ainda não tinham implementado sistemas de recolha
seletiva de biorresíduos a União Europeia (EU), através de Diretiva (EU) 2018/851, decretou
que, a partir de 2024, todos os Estados-membro teriam de ter implementados sistemas de
recolha de biorresíduos na origem.
Nesse sentido, a Cascais Ambiente que opera como entidade gestora dos serviços em
baixa por delegação da EMAC – Empresa Municipal de Ambiente de Cascais, E.M., S.A, detida
na sua totalidade pelo município de Cascais, em 2019 iniciou na zona piloto de Carcavelos e
Parede, um sistema de recolha de biorresíduos pioneiro que consiste numa co-recolha com o
fluxo dos RU indiferenciados, evitando assim a aquisição de novos contentores e a criação de
novos circuitos. Aos munícipes foram distribuídos um contentor de 7 litros e um conjunto de
sacos verdes para realizarem a separação dos biorresíduos na origem para, posteriormente, os
depositarem no contentor dos indiferenciados. Atualmente os sacos verdes são separados
manualmente, quer na central de Tratamento Mecânico (TM) de Trajouce, quer na linha de
processo da Central de Digestão Anaeróbia (CDA) na Abrunheira. Todavia está em curso a
aprovação da remodelação desta central no sentido de dispor de separadores óticos na linha de
processo para separação automática dos sacos verdes. Sendo um caso de estudo único no país
considerou-se de interesse avaliar este sistema de recolha de biorresíduos implementado pela
Cascais Ambiente através de indicadores económicos, ambientais e sociais.
Os resultados obtidos revelam um desempenho ambiental e económico bastante
favorável, indiciando que este projeto pode ser uma referência para os municípios, únicos
responsáveis pela implementação da recolha seletiva de biorresiduos no pós-2023. Todavia, o
tipo de sacos de plástico utilizados para o acondicionamento dos biorresíduos revelou-se pouco
eficaz, uma vez que apenas 50% da recolha chega em condições de serem encaminhados para
valorização orgânica, o que representa uma perda elevada face aos biorresíduos recolhidos
seletivamente, pelo que devem ser encontradas alternativas mais eficientes e sustentáveis.
Também a eficiência dos separadores óticos carece de uma análise funcional, pois não foi
possível abordar nesta dissertação o seu funcionamento porque o projeto de remodelação foi já
submetido para apoio por fundos europeus, encontrando-se em fase de decisão.
Bio-waste represents approximately 37% of the total of Municipal Waste (MW) produced in Portugal, therefore the implementation of a selective collection system for this flux would be highly beneficial to reduce the amount of common waste. Moreover, biowaste treatment has many advantages such as biogas production, which allows to produce electrical energy to be inject into the national grid and produces a high-quality compost that can be used in agriculture. Due to the number of countries that had not yet implemented a selective collection system for bio-waste, the UE developed the Directive (EU) 2018/851 stating that as of 2024 all the State-members need to have fully functional bio-waste collection system in place. Therefore, Cascais Ambiente, which operates as a management entity of the services on the way down by delegation of EMAC – Cascais Municipal Environment Company E.M., S.A., wholly owned by the municipality of Cascais, in 2019 it started in two pilot areas of the municipality a pioneering bio-waste collection system which consisting of a co-collection with the flow of municipal waste, avoiding the acquisition of new containers and the design of new circuits. To the residents were distributed a container of 7 liters and a set of green bags to carry out the separation of the bio-waste at source and, later, to be able to deposit them in the container of municipal waste. Currently the green bags are separated manually, either in the Mechanical Treatment of Trajouce or in the process line of the organic recovery plant (CDA) in Abrunheira. However, the approval of the refurbishment of this plant is ongoing to have optical separators in the process line for automatic separation of green bags. Being a unique case study in the country, it was considered of interest to evaluate this bio-waste collection system implemented by Cascais Ambiente through economic, environmental, and social indicators. The results show a very favorable environmental and economic performance, instating that this project can be a reference for municipalities, solely responsible for the implementation of selective collection of bio-waste in the post-2023. However, the type of plastic bags used for the packaging of bio-waste proved to be ineffective, since only 50% of that collection arrives in a position to be sent for organic recovery, which represents a high loss compared to the amount of bio-waste collected, so looking for more efficient and sustainable alternatives should be found. The efficiency of optical separators also lack a functional analysis, because it was not possible to approach its operation in this thesis because the refurbishment project has already been submitted for support by European funds and is still in the decision phase.
Bio-waste represents approximately 37% of the total of Municipal Waste (MW) produced in Portugal, therefore the implementation of a selective collection system for this flux would be highly beneficial to reduce the amount of common waste. Moreover, biowaste treatment has many advantages such as biogas production, which allows to produce electrical energy to be inject into the national grid and produces a high-quality compost that can be used in agriculture. Due to the number of countries that had not yet implemented a selective collection system for bio-waste, the UE developed the Directive (EU) 2018/851 stating that as of 2024 all the State-members need to have fully functional bio-waste collection system in place. Therefore, Cascais Ambiente, which operates as a management entity of the services on the way down by delegation of EMAC – Cascais Municipal Environment Company E.M., S.A., wholly owned by the municipality of Cascais, in 2019 it started in two pilot areas of the municipality a pioneering bio-waste collection system which consisting of a co-collection with the flow of municipal waste, avoiding the acquisition of new containers and the design of new circuits. To the residents were distributed a container of 7 liters and a set of green bags to carry out the separation of the bio-waste at source and, later, to be able to deposit them in the container of municipal waste. Currently the green bags are separated manually, either in the Mechanical Treatment of Trajouce or in the process line of the organic recovery plant (CDA) in Abrunheira. However, the approval of the refurbishment of this plant is ongoing to have optical separators in the process line for automatic separation of green bags. Being a unique case study in the country, it was considered of interest to evaluate this bio-waste collection system implemented by Cascais Ambiente through economic, environmental, and social indicators. The results show a very favorable environmental and economic performance, instating that this project can be a reference for municipalities, solely responsible for the implementation of selective collection of bio-waste in the post-2023. However, the type of plastic bags used for the packaging of bio-waste proved to be ineffective, since only 50% of that collection arrives in a position to be sent for organic recovery, which represents a high loss compared to the amount of bio-waste collected, so looking for more efficient and sustainable alternatives should be found. The efficiency of optical separators also lack a functional analysis, because it was not possible to approach its operation in this thesis because the refurbishment project has already been submitted for support by European funds and is still in the decision phase.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
biorresíduos recolha seletiva separação por sensor ótico análise ambiental análise económica análise social