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Da Cidade Imperial à Cidade Episcopal. As transformações urbanas de Viseu entre os séculos VI a XI
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A presente tese de doutoramento foca o estudo da cidade de Viseu e das transformações que a malha urbana sofreu entre os séculos IV e XI. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com base em informação arqueológica proveniente de onze locais intervencionados no âmbito da arqueologia preventiva levada a cabo nos últimos 33 anos no centro histórico viseense. O estudo integrou os espólios recolhidos na Rua das Ameias/Praça D. Duarte, intervencionado entre 1988 e 1991, que se tratou de uma janela de observação privilegiada para clarificar as questões relativas às sequências ocupacionais do morro da cidade. Procurou saber se, naquele local, o antigo forum romano deu ou não origem ao complexo episcopal suevo-visigodo ou que outros edifícios e espaços ocupara aquele lugar central da cidade romana. A investigação tentou ainda reconstituir o traçado na muralha construída nos finais do século III e definir de que forma se articularam os espaços religiosos e funerários que se encontravam extramuros. Os resultados obtidos demonstram uma cidade que se foi transformando, mas onde as muralhas tardias continuaram a ser um elemento delimitador e estruturante da urbe. A malha urbana ficou marcada, neste período, por uma série de espaços que se vinculam com o poder que a Igreja assumiu quando a cidade se tornou sede episcopal pelo menos desde a segunda metade do século VI. As estruturas arqueológicas identificadas na Rua das Ameias podem não corresponder ao complexo episcopal dessa época, ainda que certamente o mesmo se deveria localizar nesta área central da cidade. Pelo facto de não haver dados muito precisos, não se pode descartar a hipótese de o edifício reconhecido na Rua das Ameias poder corresponder a um edifício, eventualmente religioso de época posterior, tendo em conta os materiais arqueológicos aí exumados e a sua relação espacial com as quatro sepulturas identificadas na Praça D. Duarte, datadas do século XI. Poderá datar da mesma época a construção de outras capelas situadas no exterior das muralhas, em redor das quais se documenta a existência de necrópoles cristãs, que se formaram mais ou menos no mesmo local ocupado anteriormente pelas necrópoles alto-imperiais. Os dados alcançados pela análise dos espólios referidos e pelos testemunhos reconhecidos pela arqueologia urbana são ainda limitados para o período que sucede o século VII. Não foram, até ao momento, identificadas estruturas ou materiais arqueológicos que se possam relacionar com um domínio político-administrativo efetivo por parte de autoridades muçulmanas entre os séculos VIII e X. Tal poderá dever-se à manutenção de uma certa autonomia política das elites viseenses face à esfera do poder islâmico. A atual informação indica que a estrutura eclesiástica cristã terá sobrevivido até ao século XI, mesmo que, em determinadas alturas, os seus bispos possam ter estado ausentes da cidade. A coleção artefactual analisada revela que a cerâmica das fases posteriores ao século VIII encontra fortes vínculos com a estabilização da fronteira cristã no Mondego e com os reinos do norte da Península Ibérica. Revela também cerâmicas de produção e distribuição local/regional pautadas com um repertório formal mais reduzido do que os dos séculos precedentes. A localização da cidade de Viseu no centro-norte português concedeu-lhe uma importância geoestratégica considerável, tanto no século X quando se torna capital do reino que viria mais tarde a ser o Condado Portucalense, como quando a corte dos condes D. Henrique e D. Teresa aí se fixa nos inícios do século XII,
perfilando-se definitivamente como cidade condal.
This thesis focuses on the study of the city of Viseu and the transformations that the urban fabric underwent between the fourth and eleventh centuries. This work was based on the archaeological data produced in the last 33 years as result of the preventive excavation of eleven sites in the historic centre of Viseu. The study included the collections retrieved in Rua das Ameias/Praça D. Duarte between 1988 and 1991, which was a privileged observation window to clarify the issues related to the occupational sequences of the city hill. It has been sought to know whether the ancient Roman forum was replaced by the Suevo-Visigothic episcopal complex or what other buildings and spaces occupied that central place of the Roman city. The investigation also attempted to reconstruct the walls’ limits built at the end of the third century and to define how the religious and funerary spaces outside the walls were articulated. The results reveal a city that was changing, but where the late roman walls continued to be a defining and structuring element of the urban centre. The urban grid was marked, in this period, by a series of spaces that were linked with the power that the Church assumed when the city became episcopal see at least since the second half of the sixth century. The archaeological remains identified in Rua das Ameias may not correspond to the episcopal complex of that time, although it certainly should be located in this central area of the city. Since the data is not precise, it cannot be ruled out that the building recognized in Rua das Ameias may correspond to one of religious purposes, possibly of a later period, considering the archaeological materials exhumed there and its spatial proximity to four graves identified in Praça D. Duarte, dating back to the eleventh century. It may date from the same time as the construction of other minor churches located outside the walls and their respective Christian necropolises. The latter were formed more or less in the same place previously occupied by the high roman empire necropolises. The data obtained through the analysis of the mentioned collection and the testimonies recognized by urban archaeology are still limited to the period following the seventh century. So far, no archaeological structures or materials can be related to an effective political-administrative dominance by Muslim authorities between the eighth and tenth centuries. This could be the result of the maintenance of a certain political autonomy of the Viseu’s elites during that time. Current information indicates that the Christian ecclesiastical structure may have survived until the eleventh century, even though at certain times its bishops may have been absent from the city. The artefact collection of Rua das Ameias/Praça D. Duarte reveals that the post eighth century pottery has strong links with the stabilization of the Christian frontier in the Mondego River and with the kingdoms of the north of the Iberian Peninsula. It also points to the local/regional scale of production and distribution of pottery ware, as its typological repertoire was much smaller than that of earlier times. The location of the city of Viseu in central-northern Portugal granted it considerable geostrategic importance, both in the tenth century when it became the capital of the future Condado Portucalense, as when the court of the counts D. Henrique and D. Teresa settled there at the beginning of the twelfth century. It contributed in a definite way to profile Viseu as a city of nobles.
This thesis focuses on the study of the city of Viseu and the transformations that the urban fabric underwent between the fourth and eleventh centuries. This work was based on the archaeological data produced in the last 33 years as result of the preventive excavation of eleven sites in the historic centre of Viseu. The study included the collections retrieved in Rua das Ameias/Praça D. Duarte between 1988 and 1991, which was a privileged observation window to clarify the issues related to the occupational sequences of the city hill. It has been sought to know whether the ancient Roman forum was replaced by the Suevo-Visigothic episcopal complex or what other buildings and spaces occupied that central place of the Roman city. The investigation also attempted to reconstruct the walls’ limits built at the end of the third century and to define how the religious and funerary spaces outside the walls were articulated. The results reveal a city that was changing, but where the late roman walls continued to be a defining and structuring element of the urban centre. The urban grid was marked, in this period, by a series of spaces that were linked with the power that the Church assumed when the city became episcopal see at least since the second half of the sixth century. The archaeological remains identified in Rua das Ameias may not correspond to the episcopal complex of that time, although it certainly should be located in this central area of the city. Since the data is not precise, it cannot be ruled out that the building recognized in Rua das Ameias may correspond to one of religious purposes, possibly of a later period, considering the archaeological materials exhumed there and its spatial proximity to four graves identified in Praça D. Duarte, dating back to the eleventh century. It may date from the same time as the construction of other minor churches located outside the walls and their respective Christian necropolises. The latter were formed more or less in the same place previously occupied by the high roman empire necropolises. The data obtained through the analysis of the mentioned collection and the testimonies recognized by urban archaeology are still limited to the period following the seventh century. So far, no archaeological structures or materials can be related to an effective political-administrative dominance by Muslim authorities between the eighth and tenth centuries. This could be the result of the maintenance of a certain political autonomy of the Viseu’s elites during that time. Current information indicates that the Christian ecclesiastical structure may have survived until the eleventh century, even though at certain times its bishops may have been absent from the city. The artefact collection of Rua das Ameias/Praça D. Duarte reveals that the post eighth century pottery has strong links with the stabilization of the Christian frontier in the Mondego River and with the kingdoms of the north of the Iberian Peninsula. It also points to the local/regional scale of production and distribution of pottery ware, as its typological repertoire was much smaller than that of earlier times. The location of the city of Viseu in central-northern Portugal granted it considerable geostrategic importance, both in the tenth century when it became the capital of the future Condado Portucalense, as when the court of the counts D. Henrique and D. Teresa settled there at the beginning of the twelfth century. It contributed in a definite way to profile Viseu as a city of nobles.
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Arqueologia Cidade Alta Idade Média Paisagem urbana Baixo-Império Cristianização Archaeology Urban landscape Late Roman Empire Early Middle Ages Christianization