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Esta dissertação foi realizada no âmbito do projeto tLOSS (Transformando o Cálculo de Per-das em Sistemas de Potência com Supercondutores de Alta Temperatura), da Fundação para a Ciên-cia e a Tecnologia (Ref. PTDC/EEI-EEE/32508/2017_LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-032508).
É atendendo ao significativo aumento no consumo de energia elétrica, verificado ao longo das últimas décadas, que se torna indispensável incorporar novos pontos de produção na rede de distri-buição de energia elétrica. Este incremento de capacidade implica a instalação de novos geradores e a sua posterior ligação à rede, que resulta em correntes de curto-circuito cada vez mais altas, aumen-tando o risco de serem excedidos os limites dos dispositivos de proteção instalados e motivando possíveis danos aos componentes da rede.
A instalação de limitadores de corrente de curto-circuito (CC) apresenta-se como solução para proteção dos componentes das redes elétricas, mais eficiente face às convencionais, ainda adotadas. Os limitadores supercondutores são os que mais se destacam, uma vez que apresentam impedância invisível para a rede em condições normais, garantem uma rápida e eficaz limitação de corrente, mesmo em caso de múltiplas falhas, com recuperação quase instantânea.
Dentro das várias topologias de limitadores de corrente supercondutores (LCS) é de destacar a topologia indutiva, que contém os limitadores de corrente supercondutores de núcleos saturados, foco desta dissertação. Este tipo de limitador, apesar de utilizar mais ferro que qualquer um dos restantes, apresenta uma recuperação instantânea após um curto-circuito, devido a possuir o material supercondutor sempre no estado supercondutor.
Os contínuos estudos e a relevância dos resultados obtidos, despertaram a necessidade de evoluir, adaptar e ensaiar as topologias dos LCS em redes trifásicas, oferecendo um contributo positivo a nível prático, neste âmbito, ao estudo subjacente a esta dissertação, que consiste na construção e ensaio de um LCS de núcleos saturados, trifásico à escala laboratorial, que permita registar correntes, fluxos e tensões, em regime normal e sob falha.
De forma a avaliar o seu desempenho, proceder-se-á à instalação do LCS numa rede à escala laboratorial e à observação do seu comportamento conforme os diferentes tipos de CC provocados, oferecendo um contributo positivo a nível prático, para projetos de maior amplitude.
This thesis was developed in the frame of the project tLOSS (Transforming Losses Calcu-lation in High Temperature Superconducting Power Systems), from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Ref. PTDC/EEI-EEE/32508/2017_LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-032508). With the significant increase in the consumption of electric energy, verified over the last decades, is essential to install new generation centers in the electricity distribution network. This increase in capacity implies the construction of new generation points and their subsequent con-nection to the grid, which results in higher and higher short-circuit currents, increasing the risk of exceeding the limits of protection devices installed and causing possible damage to the grid com-ponents. The installation of short-circuit current limiters presents itself as the solution for protecting the components of the electrical grids, more efficient when compared to the conventional ones still adopted. The superconducting limiters are the ones that stand out the most, since they have almost invisible impedance under normal conditions, guarantee a fast and effective current limi-tation, even in case of multiple failures, with almost instantaneous recovery. Within the various topologies of superconducting current limiters (LCS), it is worth men-tioning the inductive topology, which contains the superconducting current limiters of saturated cores, the focus of this dissertation. This type of limiter, despite using more iron than any of the others, presents an instant recovery after a short circuit due to having the superconducting material always in the superconducting state. The continuous studies and the relevance of the results obtained there, aroused the need to evolve, adapt and test the LCS topologies in three-phase grids, offering a positive contribution at a practical level, in this scope, the study underlying this dissertation, which consists of the con-struction and testing of a saturated nucleus LCS, three-phase on a laboratory scale, which allows currents, flows and voltages to be recorded, in normal regime and under failure. To evaluate its performance, the LCS will be installed in a laboratory-wide grid and the behavior is observed according to the different types of failure caused, offering a positive contri-bution on a practical level, for larger projects.
This thesis was developed in the frame of the project tLOSS (Transforming Losses Calcu-lation in High Temperature Superconducting Power Systems), from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Ref. PTDC/EEI-EEE/32508/2017_LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-032508). With the significant increase in the consumption of electric energy, verified over the last decades, is essential to install new generation centers in the electricity distribution network. This increase in capacity implies the construction of new generation points and their subsequent con-nection to the grid, which results in higher and higher short-circuit currents, increasing the risk of exceeding the limits of protection devices installed and causing possible damage to the grid com-ponents. The installation of short-circuit current limiters presents itself as the solution for protecting the components of the electrical grids, more efficient when compared to the conventional ones still adopted. The superconducting limiters are the ones that stand out the most, since they have almost invisible impedance under normal conditions, guarantee a fast and effective current limi-tation, even in case of multiple failures, with almost instantaneous recovery. Within the various topologies of superconducting current limiters (LCS), it is worth men-tioning the inductive topology, which contains the superconducting current limiters of saturated cores, the focus of this dissertation. This type of limiter, despite using more iron than any of the others, presents an instant recovery after a short circuit due to having the superconducting material always in the superconducting state. The continuous studies and the relevance of the results obtained there, aroused the need to evolve, adapt and test the LCS topologies in three-phase grids, offering a positive contribution at a practical level, in this scope, the study underlying this dissertation, which consists of the con-struction and testing of a saturated nucleus LCS, three-phase on a laboratory scale, which allows currents, flows and voltages to be recorded, in normal regime and under failure. To evaluate its performance, the LCS will be installed in a laboratory-wide grid and the behavior is observed according to the different types of failure caused, offering a positive contri-bution on a practical level, for larger projects.
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redes de distribuição de energia elétrica corrente de curto-circuito supercondutividade limitador de corrente de curto-circuito supercondutor do tipo indutivo de núcleos saturados
