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Análise dos fatores críticos para a evolução da taxa de penetração da Energia Eólica - caso de estudo Português
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
O desenvolvimento da tecnologia eólica oferece diversos benefícios em termos de fornecimento de energia com baixo teor de carbono, atuando no controlo das alterações climáticas e no empenho pela sustentabilidade. Notáveis avanços tecnológicos tornaram a energia eólica umas das tecnologias mais baratas e mais eficientes na produção de energia. As instalações de energia eólica cresceram substancialmente nos últimos anos em todo o mundo e espera-se que o setor continue em expansão e que a tecnologia se torne cada vez mais vantajosa.
Este trabalho procurou analisar os fatores críticos para a evolução da penetração da energia eólica. Foi, assim, elaborada uma análise a nível global, onde foram identificados os principais elementos referidos na literatura, incluindo aspetos tecnológicos, socioeconómicos, políticos e ambientais. A análise foi direcionada para o caso particular de Portugal, através da realização de entrevistas com atores relevantes do setor eólico nacional.
Diante das perceções obtidas através deste estudo, considera-se a energia eólica uma tecnologia com atributos que conferem grande vantagem ao aproveitamento das oportunidades do atual contexto. A energia eólica é vista como um elemento essencial na obtenção de um mix energético capaz de cumprir as metas climáticas e auxiliar na transição energética. Preços atrativos, a contribuição ambiental e a tendência de progressos na tecnologia offshore, nas soluções híbridas e na produção do hidrogénio verde esboçam um cenário favorável para a evolução do setor que deve, ainda assim, procurar soluções para manter-se como uma tecnologia competitiva.
A análise para o caso português evidenciou a importância desta fonte que representa cerca de 25% do fornecimento elétrico do país, identificou a hibridização, o sobre-equipamento e a repotenciação como as principais estratégias nacionais para o reforço do setor eólico e detectou a morosidade dos processos de licenciamento como um dos principais aspetos a serem melhorados.
The development of wind technology offers several benefits in terms of low-carbon energy supply, with many effects on climate change control and commitment to sustainability. Remarkable technological advances have made wind energy one of the cheapest and most efficient technologies in energy production. Wind power installations have grown substantially in recent years around the world, and it is expected that the sector will continue to expand and that the technology will become increasingly advantageous. This work is aimed to analyze the critical factors for the evolution of wind power penetration. An analysis was developed at global level, where the main elements mentioned in the literature were identified, including technological, socioeconomic, political and environmental aspects. The study was directed to the particular case of Portugal, by conducting interviews with relevant actors in the national wind sector. In light of the perceptions obtained through this study, wind energy is considered to be a technology with attributes that enable the exploitation of the opportunities of the current context. Wind energy is seen as an essential element in achieving an energy mix capable of meeting climate goals and assisting in the energy transition. Attractive prices, environmental contribution and the trend of progress in offshore technology, hybridization and green hydrogen outline a favourable scenario for the evolution of the sector that should still look for solutions to remain a competitive technology. The analysis for the Portuguese case showed the importance of this source in the country's energy supply which represents 25% of the electricity generation. It also identified hybridization, overplanting and repowering as the main national strategies for strengthening the wind sector. Finally, the analysis highlighted the slowness and complexity of licensing processes as the main aspects to be improved.
The development of wind technology offers several benefits in terms of low-carbon energy supply, with many effects on climate change control and commitment to sustainability. Remarkable technological advances have made wind energy one of the cheapest and most efficient technologies in energy production. Wind power installations have grown substantially in recent years around the world, and it is expected that the sector will continue to expand and that the technology will become increasingly advantageous. This work is aimed to analyze the critical factors for the evolution of wind power penetration. An analysis was developed at global level, where the main elements mentioned in the literature were identified, including technological, socioeconomic, political and environmental aspects. The study was directed to the particular case of Portugal, by conducting interviews with relevant actors in the national wind sector. In light of the perceptions obtained through this study, wind energy is considered to be a technology with attributes that enable the exploitation of the opportunities of the current context. Wind energy is seen as an essential element in achieving an energy mix capable of meeting climate goals and assisting in the energy transition. Attractive prices, environmental contribution and the trend of progress in offshore technology, hybridization and green hydrogen outline a favourable scenario for the evolution of the sector that should still look for solutions to remain a competitive technology. The analysis for the Portuguese case showed the importance of this source in the country's energy supply which represents 25% of the electricity generation. It also identified hybridization, overplanting and repowering as the main national strategies for strengthening the wind sector. Finally, the analysis highlighted the slowness and complexity of licensing processes as the main aspects to be improved.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Energia com baixo teor de carbono Transição energética Penetração da Energia Eólica Energia Eólica em Portugal