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Estado-Providência e Deficiência: Transformação, poder e ativação
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
No contexto da estratégia de concretização de um desenvolvimento pluridimensional cada vez mais dependente de uma cultura inclusiva, o Estado-Providência, a maior conquista da cultura europeia, ganha uma relevância central pois cria e reforça a coesão social e cultural, que são essenciais para uma democracia vibrante sustentada na cooperação, na solidariedade organizada e regulada entre os cidadãos. Contudo, e apesar do significativo avanço dos quadros legais dos vários países europeus no que diz respeito aos direitos, liberdade e garantias das diferentes minorias, a realidade demonstra que nem sempre as políticas públicas conseguem promover a inclusão e participação de minorias eficazmente. Isto acontece porque raramente estas políticas assentam numa abordagem sistémica e centrada nas necessidades dos cidadãos.
Perante esta realidade, o foco desta tese é compreender os fatores que fazem com que países que dotaram formalmente os seus disability regimes com instituições promotoras do paradigma Vida Independente enfrentem dificuldades de implementação e materialização, total ou parcial, do processo path-shifting numa época onde é possível identificar duas gerações distintas nos estudos sobre o Estado-Providência moderno: uma primeira geração de estudos, dos fins da década de 1950 à década de 1990, focados nos problemas do industrialismo e da crescente dependência do trabalho assalariado numa sociedade complexa e urbana onde o papel coordenador e conciliador do estado era um aspeto central; e uma segunda geração de estudos, que surge já no final do século XX, onde as investigações se dedicaram sobretudo ao estudo das formas de cobertura de novos riscos e a satisfação de outras necessidades menos dependentes da participação no mercado de trabalho, visando garantir a ativação dos destinatários no mercado laboral remunerado.
O carácter inovador desta tese assenta em dois aspetos: primeiro, no enquadramento do estudo no contexto das teorias sobre as instituições, mudança institucional e teorias das elites e, segundo, no desenho dum modelo teórico, tipo «roadmap» para a implementação de uma mudança sistémica, focado na promoção da participação e gerador de oportunidades da realização pessoal destes cidadãos ajustado à realidade portuguesa.
In the context of the strategy for implementation of a multi-dimensional development increasingly dependent on an inclusive culture, the welfare State, the greatest achievement of the European culture, wins a central importance as it creates and reinforces social and cultural cohesion, which are essential to a vibrant democracy sustained on cooperation, organized and regulated solidarity between citizens. However, and despite the significant advancement of legal frameworks in the different European countries about human rights, freedom and guarantees of different minorities, reality demonstrates that not always public policy can promote the inclusion and participation of minorities effectively. This happens because these policies rarely are based on systemic approach and focused on the needs of citizens. Given this reality, the main focus of this thesis is to understand the factors that cause countries that have formally endorsed their disability regimes with institutions promoting Independent Living paradigm to face difficulties in implementing and materializing, in whole or in part, the path-shifting process at a time when it is possible to identify two distinct generations in studies on the modern Welfare State: a first generation of studies, from the late 1950s to the 1990s, focused on the problems of industrialism and the growing dependence on wage labor in a complex and urban society where the coordinating and conciliatory role of the state was a central aspect; and a second generation of studies, which emerged at the end of the 20th century, where investigations were mainly devoted to the study of forms of coverage of new risks and the satisfaction of other needs less dependent on labour market participation , in order to ensure the activation of recipients in the paid labour market. The innovative character of this thesis is based on two aspects: first, in the frameworking of the study in the context of theories about the institutions, institutional change and theories of elites and, second, in the drawing of a theoretical model, like “roadmap” for the implementation of a systemic change, focused on promoting the participation and opportunities of personal fulfilment of these citizens adjusted to Portuguese reality.
In the context of the strategy for implementation of a multi-dimensional development increasingly dependent on an inclusive culture, the welfare State, the greatest achievement of the European culture, wins a central importance as it creates and reinforces social and cultural cohesion, which are essential to a vibrant democracy sustained on cooperation, organized and regulated solidarity between citizens. However, and despite the significant advancement of legal frameworks in the different European countries about human rights, freedom and guarantees of different minorities, reality demonstrates that not always public policy can promote the inclusion and participation of minorities effectively. This happens because these policies rarely are based on systemic approach and focused on the needs of citizens. Given this reality, the main focus of this thesis is to understand the factors that cause countries that have formally endorsed their disability regimes with institutions promoting Independent Living paradigm to face difficulties in implementing and materializing, in whole or in part, the path-shifting process at a time when it is possible to identify two distinct generations in studies on the modern Welfare State: a first generation of studies, from the late 1950s to the 1990s, focused on the problems of industrialism and the growing dependence on wage labor in a complex and urban society where the coordinating and conciliatory role of the state was a central aspect; and a second generation of studies, which emerged at the end of the 20th century, where investigations were mainly devoted to the study of forms of coverage of new risks and the satisfaction of other needs less dependent on labour market participation , in order to ensure the activation of recipients in the paid labour market. The innovative character of this thesis is based on two aspects: first, in the frameworking of the study in the context of theories about the institutions, institutional change and theories of elites and, second, in the drawing of a theoretical model, like “roadmap” for the implementation of a systemic change, focused on promoting the participation and opportunities of personal fulfilment of these citizens adjusted to Portuguese reality.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Estado providência Poder Ciência Política Instituições e Processos Políticos Políticas públicas Reforma do Estado-Providência Disability regimes Vida independente Political Science Institutions and political processes Public policies Reform of the welfare state Independent Living