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Determinação de rotas de entrega e montagem de mobiliário através de uma abordagem heurística o caso da TNB
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A presente dissertação surgiu da realização de um estágio, na TNB, uma empresa que realiza
entregas e outros serviços para a IKEA, no cliente final. O trabalho desenvolvido surgiu da
necessidade de melhorar o processo de criação de rotas existente na empresa, sendo que,
atualmente, não existe um processo automatizado.
O objetivo da presente dissertação consiste em encontrar uma solução, que permita facilitar o
processo de criação de rotas. Para responder ao problema em questão, considerou-se que o
melhor método seria a utilização de uma heurística, que obedeça a um conjunto de regras, a
partir das quais se consiga afetar clientes a equipas, de forma a obter rotas possíveis. Para isto,
deverá ter-se em conta variáveis como tempos de serviço, tempos de viagem e restrições de
peso e valor de mercadoria a transportar, para equipas com diferentes desempenhos e ainda,
janelas horárias.
Para atingir os objetivos, utilizou-se a metodologia estudo de caso. Primeiramente, analisaram se os artigos vendidos em 2019. Seguidamente, foi feito o acompanhamento da equipa, tendo se procedido à recolha dos tempos de montagem. Após isso, procedeu-se ao desenvolvimento
da heurística. De forma a avaliar os resultados obtidos, foram definidos os seguintes indicadores:
taxa de ocupação do veículo em peso, taxa de ocupação do veículo em volume, rácio do valor
de mercadoria a transportar relativamente ao valor mínimo, rácio do número de metros lineares
PAX a montar relativamente ao valor máximo, taxa de clientes visitados na janela horária, e
tempo médio de viagem entre clientes.
Relativamente aos indicadores utilizados, obteve-se como resultados valores mais elevados para
as rotas criadas pelo colaborador no rácio do valor de mercadoria relativamente ao valor mínimo,
na taxa de ocupação do veículo em peso e na taxa de ocupação do veículo em volume. Além
disso, apresentou tempos médios de viagem entre clientes inferiores relativamente às rotas ob tidas pela heurística. No entanto, as rotas obtidas pela heurística tiveram melhores resultados a
nível do rácio do número de metros lineares PAX relativamente ao valor máximo e à taxa de
clientes visitados na janela horária.
A heurística desenvolvida conseguiu afetar todos os clientes a equipas, garantindo o cumpri mento de todas as janelas horárias e das restrições. Isto é, garantindo a satisfação dos requisitos
do cliente. Pelo que, se consegue concluir que as rotas serão possíveis e este é um método que
se poderá adequar como uma alternativa ao processo de criação de rotas atual.
This present thesis arose from an internship at TNB, which is a company that distributes and offers other services for IKEA Portugal, to the customer. The developed work arose from the company's need to improve the process of creating routes, which is not an automated process nowadays. The main purpose of this thesis consists in finding a solution, that allows to ease the process of creating routes. To answer the problem in question, it was considered that the best method would be using a heuristic, that follows a set of rules, from which is expected that it will be able to allocate customers to teams so that the routes obtained are possible to execute. For this to happen, it will have in account variables such as service time, traveling time, and restrictions concerning weight and commodity value, for teams with different levels of performance, and time windows. To achieve the aim, it was used the study case methodology. Starting with the analysis of the delivered products in 2019. Followed by the team monitoring where the assembly times were collected. After that, proceeded to the development of the heuristic. To evaluate the results obtained the following indicators were defined: vehicle occupancy rate by weight, vehicle occupancy rate by volume, a ratio of commodity value to be transported relative to the minimum value, a ratio of the number of linear meters PAX to assemble relative to the maximum number, rate of customers visited in the time windows and average travel time between customers. Regarding the used indicators higher values were obtained as results for the routes created by the employee in the ratio of the commodity value to be transported relative to the minimum value, in the vehicle occupancy rate by weight, and in the vehicle occupancy rate by volume. Besides that, presented lower travel times between customers relative to the routes obtained with the heuristic. However, the heuristic routes obtained better values in terms of the ratio of the number of linear meters PAX to assemble relative to the maximum number and the rate of customers visited in the time windows. The developed heuristic can perform the allocation of customers to the teams, ensuring compliance with time windows and the restrictions. In other words, it ensures the satisfaction of customer requirements. Whereby, it can be concluded that the routes are possible to execute, and this is a method that can be adequate as an alternative to the not automated current process of creating routes.
This present thesis arose from an internship at TNB, which is a company that distributes and offers other services for IKEA Portugal, to the customer. The developed work arose from the company's need to improve the process of creating routes, which is not an automated process nowadays. The main purpose of this thesis consists in finding a solution, that allows to ease the process of creating routes. To answer the problem in question, it was considered that the best method would be using a heuristic, that follows a set of rules, from which is expected that it will be able to allocate customers to teams so that the routes obtained are possible to execute. For this to happen, it will have in account variables such as service time, traveling time, and restrictions concerning weight and commodity value, for teams with different levels of performance, and time windows. To achieve the aim, it was used the study case methodology. Starting with the analysis of the delivered products in 2019. Followed by the team monitoring where the assembly times were collected. After that, proceeded to the development of the heuristic. To evaluate the results obtained the following indicators were defined: vehicle occupancy rate by weight, vehicle occupancy rate by volume, a ratio of commodity value to be transported relative to the minimum value, a ratio of the number of linear meters PAX to assemble relative to the maximum number, rate of customers visited in the time windows and average travel time between customers. Regarding the used indicators higher values were obtained as results for the routes created by the employee in the ratio of the commodity value to be transported relative to the minimum value, in the vehicle occupancy rate by weight, and in the vehicle occupancy rate by volume. Besides that, presented lower travel times between customers relative to the routes obtained with the heuristic. However, the heuristic routes obtained better values in terms of the ratio of the number of linear meters PAX to assemble relative to the maximum number and the rate of customers visited in the time windows. The developed heuristic can perform the allocation of customers to the teams, ensuring compliance with time windows and the restrictions. In other words, it ensures the satisfaction of customer requirements. Whereby, it can be concluded that the routes are possible to execute, and this is a method that can be adequate as an alternative to the not automated current process of creating routes.
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Palavras-chave
planeamento de rotas tempo de serviço logística transportes heurística