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O Impacto do Turismo de Natureza e da paisagem na Saúde. O caso das levadas na Madeira
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O turismo de natureza assume grande relevância no desenvolvimento de pequenos territórios insulares e a paisagem parece estar associada ao bem-estar mental, físico e social. O objetivo central do presente estudo foi triplo: (1) identificar os benefícios de saúde mental e física que resultam das caminhadas nas levadas/trilhos pelos turistas; (2) identificar as características da paisagem (percecionadas pelos turistas) que atraem os utilizadores das levadas/trilhos e (3) identificar outros parâmetros da paisagem, por exemplo, a distância, a duração, a subida acumulada e a descida acumulada. A amostra foi constituída por 1626 turistas, 974 mulheres e 652 homens, com idades compreendidas entre os 5 e os 84 anos. Os sons, os afetos principais e a experiência restaurativa foram avaliados através do Swedish Soundscape-Quality Protocol, Swedish Core Affect Scale e Perceived Restorativeness Scale, respetivamente. A atividade física foi estimada via acelerometria, sensor de passada e monitor de frequência cardíaca. A aptidão física foi avaliada através da resistência cardiorrespiratória. A correlação, a ANOVA de medidas repetidas e a regressão (linear, hierárquica e multinível) foram as técnicas estatísticas utilizadas na análise dos dados. A vegetação, a água, as montanhas, o verde e o azul emergiram como os principais elementos e cores da paisagem. Os turistas aumentaram os afetos positivos ao longo da caminhada. O cheiro natural foi um preditor positivo e significativo dos afetos principais. As variáveis sociodemográficas, as características do envolvimento, as caraterísticas dos trilhos e a qualidade restaurativa explicaram um máximo de 56,2% de variância nos afetos principais, na primeira metade das levadas e trilhos e 34,5%, na segunda metade. O distanciamento das preocupações do dia-a-dia e o envolvimento positivo com o ambiente mediaram a relação entre a paisagem e os afetos principais. As levadas e os trilhos foram descritos em termos de distância, duração, subidas acumuladas, descidas acumuladas, comprimento da passada e velocidade. Cerca de metade dos turistas (52,5%) alcançou 150 a 300 minutos de atividade física moderada-avigorosa. A totalidade dos turistas alcançou, pelo menos, 42 minutos na zona ótima de frequência cardíaca. Os turistas mais velhos apresentaram menos tempo em atividade física moderada-a-vigorosa do que os turistas mais novos. Uma percentagem de gordura corporal elevada e levadas e trilhos exigentes estavam associados a níveis mais baixos de atividade física moderada-a-vigorosa. As levadas e trilhos longos e as subidas acumuladas estavam associados a valores mais elevados de atividade física moderada-a-vigorosa. Os estímulos negativos, tais como os ruídos e o lixo, reduziram a qualidade da paisagem. O turismo de natureza e a paisagem estão associados ao bem-estar mental e ao
bem-estar físico. As entidades governativas e os profissionais de turismo podem utilizar esta informação no delineamento de estratégias no turismo, partindo da sua importância para a saúde e para o desenvolvimento regional, e na promoção e marketing das caminhadas nas levadas e trilhos da Madeira.
Nature tourism is vitally important in the development of small insular territories and landscape seems to be associated with mental, physical, and social well-being. The main objective of the current study was threefold: (1) to identify mental and physical health benefits that result from hiking on the levadas/trails by tourists; (2) to identify the landscape features (perceived by tourists) that attract users of the levadas/trails and (3) to identify other landscape features, for example, distance, duration, elevation gain, elevation loss. The sample included 1626 nature-based tourists, 974 females and 652 males, aged 5-84 years. The sounds, core affect and nature-based restorative experience were assessed through the ‘Swedish Soundscape-Quality Protocol’, ‘Swedish Core Affect Scale’ and ‘Perceived Restorativeness Scale’, respectively. Physical activity was assessed through accelerometery, stride sensor and heart rate monitor, while physical fitness was assessed through the cardiorespiratory endurance. Correlation, repeated measures ANOVA and regression (linear, hierarchical, and multilevel) were the statistical techniques used to analyse the data. The vegetation, water, mountains, green and blue emerged as main elements and colours of the landscape. Nature-based tourists increased valence, pleasant activation and pleasant deactivation from the beginning to the middle and from the middle to the end of the ‘levadas’ and trails. Nature smells were among the positive significant predictors in the two-halves of the trails. Socio-demographic variables, environmental characteristics, hike features and nature-based restorative experience explained a maximum of 56.2% of the variance of core affect in the first half and 34.5% in the second. Being away and fascination mediated the relationship between landscape and core affect. The ‘levadas’ and trails were described in terms of distance, duration, elevation gain, elevation loss, stride length and walking speed. Around half (52.6%) of the participants were in the target range of 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Nature-based tourists attained at least 42 minutes at or above 70% of their maximal heart rate. Older nature-based tourists presented lower levels of moderateto-vigorous physical activity than younger peers. A high percent of body fat and high demanding ‘levadas’ and trails were associated with low levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Long ‘levadas’ and trails and elevation gain were associated with high levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Incongruent sensory stimuli, like noise and waste smell, reduced landscape quality. Nature-based tourism and landscape were associated with mental and physical well-being. Public authorities and tourism professionals can use this information in designing tourism strategies, based on its importance for health and regional development, and promoting and marketing walking experiences.
Nature tourism is vitally important in the development of small insular territories and landscape seems to be associated with mental, physical, and social well-being. The main objective of the current study was threefold: (1) to identify mental and physical health benefits that result from hiking on the levadas/trails by tourists; (2) to identify the landscape features (perceived by tourists) that attract users of the levadas/trails and (3) to identify other landscape features, for example, distance, duration, elevation gain, elevation loss. The sample included 1626 nature-based tourists, 974 females and 652 males, aged 5-84 years. The sounds, core affect and nature-based restorative experience were assessed through the ‘Swedish Soundscape-Quality Protocol’, ‘Swedish Core Affect Scale’ and ‘Perceived Restorativeness Scale’, respectively. Physical activity was assessed through accelerometery, stride sensor and heart rate monitor, while physical fitness was assessed through the cardiorespiratory endurance. Correlation, repeated measures ANOVA and regression (linear, hierarchical, and multilevel) were the statistical techniques used to analyse the data. The vegetation, water, mountains, green and blue emerged as main elements and colours of the landscape. Nature-based tourists increased valence, pleasant activation and pleasant deactivation from the beginning to the middle and from the middle to the end of the ‘levadas’ and trails. Nature smells were among the positive significant predictors in the two-halves of the trails. Socio-demographic variables, environmental characteristics, hike features and nature-based restorative experience explained a maximum of 56.2% of the variance of core affect in the first half and 34.5% in the second. Being away and fascination mediated the relationship between landscape and core affect. The ‘levadas’ and trails were described in terms of distance, duration, elevation gain, elevation loss, stride length and walking speed. Around half (52.6%) of the participants were in the target range of 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Nature-based tourists attained at least 42 minutes at or above 70% of their maximal heart rate. Older nature-based tourists presented lower levels of moderateto-vigorous physical activity than younger peers. A high percent of body fat and high demanding ‘levadas’ and trails were associated with low levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Long ‘levadas’ and trails and elevation gain were associated with high levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Incongruent sensory stimuli, like noise and waste smell, reduced landscape quality. Nature-based tourism and landscape were associated with mental and physical well-being. Public authorities and tourism professionals can use this information in designing tourism strategies, based on its importance for health and regional development, and promoting and marketing walking experiences.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Turismo Natureza Madeira Turismo baseado na natureza Paisagem Emoções Caminhada Saúde Levadas - Madeira Nature-based tourism Landscape Emotions Hiking Health