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Subsídios para um conceito de crueldade em literatura. Diálogos plurívocos entre franceses e portugueses: do Modernismo ao Surrealismo
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A presente tese insere-se no âmbito das Línguas, Literaturas e Culturas, mais especificamente na área dos Estudos Literários Portugueses e Franceses. São nela estudados os autores Mário de Sá-Carneiro, Fernando Pessoa, José de Almada Negreiros e Charles Baudelaire. A partir de uma selecção de textos destes autores, é feita uma análise crítica do conceito de crueldade em articulação com a figura da mulher. Os autores modernistas em estudo, portugueses e franceses, desenvolvem uma imagem caleidoscópica da mulher sob a perspectiva do “novo” e do “moderno”, fazendo uso de uma estética da crueldade que será analisada em algumas das suas vertentes. O conteúdo crítico do trabalho está dividido em três partes: na primeira, estudam-se as recriações do mito de Salomé efectuadas por Mário de Sá-Carneiro e Fernando Pessoa, pretendendo-se aferir que tipo de tratamento estético é direccionado à figura da mulher e de como esse converge ou diverge do conceito de femme fatale; na segunda, através de uma análise do conceito de perversidade em Mário de Sá-Carneiro advinda de Edgar Allan Poe, apresenta-se a figura da mulher enquanto objecto do desejo perverso, o que faz dela uma vítima da crueldade; na terceira, propõe-se a análise da crueldade enquanto metáfora e como mola de impulsão para a mudança de paradigmas estéticos e de género, verificados na poética de Charles Baudelaire e nas obras ficcionais de Mário de Sá-Carneiro e José de Almada Negreiros.
Para explicitar o conceito de crueldade na sua relação com a mulher, começámos por analisar casos onde a mulher é agente da crueldade, seguidamente quando é vítima e, finalmente, quando a mesma assume concomitantemente essas posições. Há, no entanto, um traço comum às mulheres estudadas: todas estão, de forma mais ou menos directa, associadas à beleza e à arte. O deslocamento da mulher para o campo artístico, quer literalmente quer enquanto metáfora, coloca-a numa orla inencontrável da sociedade patriarcal, sempre sob o domínio do homem, mas ao mesmo tempo sempre minando esse domínio, aliando a fragilidade à força, a exuberância de vida à morte, numa espécie de mágica que desbarata e reconfigura as estruturas de poder.
A mulher cumpre, quando articulada com o conceito de crueldade (ou com conceitos que conduzem a este), uma função crítica de índole simultaneamente estética, ética e política, entrando simultaneamente num movimento de devir que abre para possibilidades de vida que extravasam o conhecido.
This thesis belongs to the area of Languages, Literatures and Cultures, more specifically Portuguese and French Literary Studies. In it there is a study of the authors Mário de SáCarneiro, Fernando Pessoa, José de Almada Negreiros and Charles Baudelaire. From a selection of texts from these authors, a critical analysis of the concept of cruelty in articulation with the female figure is made. The modernist authors studied herein, Portuguese and French, develop a kaleidoscopic image of the female under the perspective of the “new” and the “modern”, making use of an aesthetic of cruelty which will be analyzed in some of its aspects. The critical content of the work is divided into three parts: in the first part, the recreations of the myth of Salomé made by Mário de Sá-Carneiro and Fernando Pessoa are analyzed, with the intention of assessing which type of aesthetic treatment is aimed at the female figure and how that treatment converges with or diverges from the concept of femme fatale; in the second part, through an analysis of the concept of perversity in Mário de SáCarneiro which originates with Edgar Allan Poe, the female figure as an object of perverse desire is presented, which makes it a victim of cruelty; in the third part, there is an attempt of analyzing cruelty as a metaphor and a spring for the change of aesthetic and gender paradigms, present in Charles Baudelaire’s poetics and in the fictional works of Mário de SáCarneiro and José de Almada Negreiros. In order to make explicit the concept of cruelty in its relation to the female, we started by analyzing cases where the female is an agent of cruelty, then where it is a victim, and, finally, where it assumes concomitantly those positions. There is, however, a common feature in the females which are analyzed: they all are, in a more or less direct way, associated to beauty and art. The movement of the female into the artistic field, literally or metaphorically, places it on the unfindable outskirts of the patriarchal society, always under the dominion of the male, but at the same time always undermining that dominion, adding frailty to force, the exuberance of life to death, in a kind of magic which squanders and reconfigures the structures of power. The female fulfills, when it is articulated with the concept of cruelty (or with concepts which lead to this concept), a critical function of simultaneously aesthetic, ethical, and political nature, entering simultaneously in a movement of becoming which opens itself to possibilities of life that go beyond the known.
This thesis belongs to the area of Languages, Literatures and Cultures, more specifically Portuguese and French Literary Studies. In it there is a study of the authors Mário de SáCarneiro, Fernando Pessoa, José de Almada Negreiros and Charles Baudelaire. From a selection of texts from these authors, a critical analysis of the concept of cruelty in articulation with the female figure is made. The modernist authors studied herein, Portuguese and French, develop a kaleidoscopic image of the female under the perspective of the “new” and the “modern”, making use of an aesthetic of cruelty which will be analyzed in some of its aspects. The critical content of the work is divided into three parts: in the first part, the recreations of the myth of Salomé made by Mário de Sá-Carneiro and Fernando Pessoa are analyzed, with the intention of assessing which type of aesthetic treatment is aimed at the female figure and how that treatment converges with or diverges from the concept of femme fatale; in the second part, through an analysis of the concept of perversity in Mário de SáCarneiro which originates with Edgar Allan Poe, the female figure as an object of perverse desire is presented, which makes it a victim of cruelty; in the third part, there is an attempt of analyzing cruelty as a metaphor and a spring for the change of aesthetic and gender paradigms, present in Charles Baudelaire’s poetics and in the fictional works of Mário de SáCarneiro and José de Almada Negreiros. In order to make explicit the concept of cruelty in its relation to the female, we started by analyzing cases where the female is an agent of cruelty, then where it is a victim, and, finally, where it assumes concomitantly those positions. There is, however, a common feature in the females which are analyzed: they all are, in a more or less direct way, associated to beauty and art. The movement of the female into the artistic field, literally or metaphorically, places it on the unfindable outskirts of the patriarchal society, always under the dominion of the male, but at the same time always undermining that dominion, adding frailty to force, the exuberance of life to death, in a kind of magic which squanders and reconfigures the structures of power. The female fulfills, when it is articulated with the concept of cruelty (or with concepts which lead to this concept), a critical function of simultaneously aesthetic, ethical, and political nature, entering simultaneously in a movement of becoming which opens itself to possibilities of life that go beyond the known.
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Palavras-chave
Conceito Crueldade Modernismo Surrealismo Mulher Arte Perversidade Cruelty Female Art Perversity Modernism