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Avaliação do nível de literacia em saúde e a sua relação com o índice de massa corporal nos professores em Portugal
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RESUMO - Introdução: A literacia em saúde apresenta-se na atualidade como uma temática com grande destaque pela sua influência em diversas áreas da gestão da saúde, bem como na promoção de uma melhor condição de saúde das comunidades. A literacia em saúde das comunidades pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores, tais como o nível de instrução, rendimentos financeiros, condição socioeconómica e idade, e pode ter impacto também no desenvolvimento de doenças, como a obesidade, diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares e cancro. Sendo a literacia em saúde uma estratégia fundamental para a educação e a promoção para a saúde, sendo os ambientes escolares os locais propícios para estas ações, os professores, em qualquer dos níveis de ensino, têm um papel preponderante enquanto mediadores de literacia e conhecimentos em saúde.
Objetivos: (i) avaliar o nível de literacia em saúde dos professores a nível nacional; (ii) aferir a sua relação com seu índice de massa corporal; (iii) aferir a sua relação com a presença de doenças cardiometabólicas; (iv) analisar a relação entre o nível de literacia em saúde com as características sociodemográficas da amostra, com as características profissionais e com o perfil de saúde da amostra.
Metodologia: Para a concretização dos objetivos foi realizado um estudo observacional, transversal, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa para recolha e análise de informação. A informação foi recolhida através do preenchimento de um questionário em formato digital, enviado por endereço eletrónico.
Resultados: Da amostra em estudo (n=1157) 34,3% apresenta um nível inadequado de literacia em saúde. No subíndice promoção de saúde a percentagem é de 28%, no subíndice cuidados de saúde a percentagem é de 31,5%; no subíndice de prevenção da doença os valores aumentam para 37,1%. Observou-se uma correlação negativa entre a literacia em saúde e o índice de massa corporal (r= - 0,063 e p = 0,032). Este aumenta para os inquiridos que apresentam peso normal (42,9% inadequado; 47,7% problemático; 58,6%, suficiente e 56,8% excelente). No entanto para os inquiridos que apresentam excesso de peso já se observa o contrário, o nível de literacia em saúde diminui (56,0%; 49,7%; 40,0% e 40,8%).
O score de literacia em saúde dos inquiridos com doença cardiometabólica é inferior em comparação com os que não apresentam. Tendo sido apurada uma correlação entre a literacia em saúde e a hipertensão arterial (p = 0,001), sendo os inquiridos que não apresentam a patologia que detém em maior percentagem os níveis suficiente (86,7%) e excelente (90,1%). Verificou-se que existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o nível de literacia em saúde e a hipercolesterolemia (p = 0,022), em percentagens superiores são os inquiridos com a doença que se encontram nos níveis inadequado e problemático de literacia em saúde. Não tendo sido observadas relações com a obesidade, diabetes e doença cardiovascular.
Na amostra em estudo, observou-se uma correlação positiva entre a literacia em saúde e o grau académico. O score de literacia em saúde foi significativamente diferente segundo o nível de ensino onde exercem a função de professor, em que a média foi inferior entre os inquiridos que lecionam no pré-primário.
Conclusões: Tendo em conta que os comportamentos de saúde e de vida das populações são influenciados e/ou determinados por diversos fatores, a promoção da literacia em saúde torna-se fundamental para contrariar a situação. A análise dos resultados revela que o nível de literacia em saúde dos inquiridos é superior à média nacional, no entanto, tendo em conta as características da amostra no que diz respeito à escolaridade e visto estes terem uma elevada responsabilidade como principais agentes ou mediadores de promoção de literacia em saúde na infância, este resultado poderá ser preocupante.
Existe relação entre o nível de literacia em saúde e o índice de massa corporal, hipertensão arterial, hipercolesterolemia e número de doenças cardiometabólicas em simultâneo, patologias estas bastante influenciáveis por comportamentos modificáveis, nos quais a literacia em saúde pode ter um papel preponderante. Tendo em consideração que, a par da família, os professores são os principais mediadores de literacia em saúde na infância, a promoção da literacia desta população é fundamental e urgente, alinhada com as estratégias nacionais.
ABSTRACT - Introduction: Health literacy is currently a subject with great importance in various areas of health management, as well as in better health conditions promotion in several communities. Community health literacy can be influenced by a number of factors, such as education level, financial income, socioeconomic status and age, and can affect the development of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Health literacy promotion is a fundamental strategy for health education and health promotion, with school environments being the propitious places for these actions. Teachers, at any level of education, have a leading role as mediators of literacy and knowledge in health in this context. Objectives: (i) to assess the level of health literacy of Portuguese teachers; (ii) to measure its relationship with its body mass index; (iii) to assess its relationship with the presence of cardiometabolic diseases; (iv) to analyze the relationship between the level of health literacy with sociodemographic characteristics, professional characteristics and health profile. Methodology: To achieve the aims, an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out, with a quantitative approach for collecting and analyzing information. The information was collected by completing a questionnaire in digital format, sent by email. Results: The finding showed that 34.3% of the Portuguese teaches (n=1157) has an inadequate level of health literacy. In the health promotion sub-index, the percentage is 28%, in the health care sub-index the percentage is 31.5%; in the disease prevention sub-index, the values increase to 37.1%. From the bivariate statistical analysis, a negative correlation was observed between health literacy and body mass index (r = - 0.063 and p = 0.032). The level of health literacy increases when observed respondents who has normal weight (42.9% inadequate; 47.7% problematic; 58.6%, sufficient and 56.8% excellent). However, respondents who has overweight, the opposite is observed, the level of health literacy decreases (56.0%; 49.7%; 40.0% and 40.8%). The health literacy level in respondents with cardiometabolic disease is lower compared to those who do not. A correlation was found between health literacy and hypertension presence (p = 0.001). It was found that there are statistically significant differences between the level of health literacy and hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.022). No relationship was observed with obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Concerning personal characteristics, a positive correlation was observed between health literacy and academic degree, health literacy level increases according to the respondent's academic degree. The health literacy level was significantly different according to the level of education where they exercise the role of teacher, where the average was lower among respondents who teach in pre-primary level. There were no significant differences between sex, age, responsibility for purchasing and cooking food, type of establishment where they work as teacher, Conclusions: Concerning that people health and life behaviors are influenced and determined by several factors, the promotion of health literacy becomes essential to change the situation. The analysis of the results reveals that, despite the level of health literacy of respondents being higher than the national average, analyzing their personal characteristics such as academic degree and the role that they have as health literacy mediators in childhood, this result may be worrying. There is a relationship between the level of health literacy and the body mass index, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and the number of cardiometabolic diseases at the same time, pathologies that are quite influenced by modifiable behaviors, in which health literacy can play a predominant role. Bearing in mind that, alongside the family, teachers are the main mediators of health literacy in childhood, the promotion of literacy among this population is fundamental and urgent, in line with national strategies.
ABSTRACT - Introduction: Health literacy is currently a subject with great importance in various areas of health management, as well as in better health conditions promotion in several communities. Community health literacy can be influenced by a number of factors, such as education level, financial income, socioeconomic status and age, and can affect the development of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Health literacy promotion is a fundamental strategy for health education and health promotion, with school environments being the propitious places for these actions. Teachers, at any level of education, have a leading role as mediators of literacy and knowledge in health in this context. Objectives: (i) to assess the level of health literacy of Portuguese teachers; (ii) to measure its relationship with its body mass index; (iii) to assess its relationship with the presence of cardiometabolic diseases; (iv) to analyze the relationship between the level of health literacy with sociodemographic characteristics, professional characteristics and health profile. Methodology: To achieve the aims, an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out, with a quantitative approach for collecting and analyzing information. The information was collected by completing a questionnaire in digital format, sent by email. Results: The finding showed that 34.3% of the Portuguese teaches (n=1157) has an inadequate level of health literacy. In the health promotion sub-index, the percentage is 28%, in the health care sub-index the percentage is 31.5%; in the disease prevention sub-index, the values increase to 37.1%. From the bivariate statistical analysis, a negative correlation was observed between health literacy and body mass index (r = - 0.063 and p = 0.032). The level of health literacy increases when observed respondents who has normal weight (42.9% inadequate; 47.7% problematic; 58.6%, sufficient and 56.8% excellent). However, respondents who has overweight, the opposite is observed, the level of health literacy decreases (56.0%; 49.7%; 40.0% and 40.8%). The health literacy level in respondents with cardiometabolic disease is lower compared to those who do not. A correlation was found between health literacy and hypertension presence (p = 0.001). It was found that there are statistically significant differences between the level of health literacy and hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.022). No relationship was observed with obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Concerning personal characteristics, a positive correlation was observed between health literacy and academic degree, health literacy level increases according to the respondent's academic degree. The health literacy level was significantly different according to the level of education where they exercise the role of teacher, where the average was lower among respondents who teach in pre-primary level. There were no significant differences between sex, age, responsibility for purchasing and cooking food, type of establishment where they work as teacher, Conclusions: Concerning that people health and life behaviors are influenced and determined by several factors, the promotion of health literacy becomes essential to change the situation. The analysis of the results reveals that, despite the level of health literacy of respondents being higher than the national average, analyzing their personal characteristics such as academic degree and the role that they have as health literacy mediators in childhood, this result may be worrying. There is a relationship between the level of health literacy and the body mass index, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and the number of cardiometabolic diseases at the same time, pathologies that are quite influenced by modifiable behaviors, in which health literacy can play a predominant role. Bearing in mind that, alongside the family, teachers are the main mediators of health literacy in childhood, the promotion of literacy among this population is fundamental and urgent, in line with national strategies.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Literacia em Saúde Índice de Massa Corporal Promoção da Saúde Professores Health Literacy Body Mass Index Health Promotion Teachers