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O país nas notícias: Estudo sobre a informação de proximidade no Serviço Público de rádio e televisão
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A presente investigação insere-se na área científica das ciências da comunicação, mais concretamente no estudo dos media e do jornalismo no contexto do serviço público de media. Nela revisitamos o conceito de media de serviço público, procurando refletir sobre o seu papel, função e responsabilidade social numa sociedade em constante transformação. Nas últimas décadas, o debate sobre esta questão tem sido alvo de interesse por parte de investigadores, legisladores e decisores que se acentuou em virtude das alterações ocorridas no ecossistema mediático internacional, que colocaram novos desafios a este setor e trouxeram para esse debate novas questões e problemas. Embora seja um conceito em construção e transformação, existem aspetos nos quais ele está alicerçado, nomeadamente a sua ligação às questões da cidadania, da salvaguarda dos valores democráticos, de estar ao serviço do cidadão, da disponibilização de conteúdos que reflitam a sociedade diversa e plural em que se insere ou ainda de se constituir um dos pilares de uma sociedade coesa e informada. Abordamos ainda a temática da informação de proximidade no serviço público e o seu papel na construção de espaços alternativos de conhecimento. As notícias dão-nos “pistas para conhecer o mundo”, mas também nos dão os enquadramentos a partir dos quais esse conhecimento e interpretação são feitos. Elas têm uma função educativa, na medida em que nos dão a conhecer aquilo que se passa à nossa volta, mas têm também uma função social, porque nos permitem posicionar e agir enquanto elementos de um todo social. As notícias desempenham a tarefa de contribuir para a coesão social, através da definição daquilo que deve ser conhecido por todos para que possam atuar no seu contexto e, mediante as suas ações, construir uma identidade coletiva comum. Estudar as notícias de âmbito local e regional constitui um importante contributo para compreender e avaliar a ação do operador de serviço público em matérias como a promoção da coesão social e territorial, nomeadamente aproximando realidades distantes, criando afinidades e sentimentos de pertença, diminuindo as distâncias entre centros e periferias, valorizando a polifonia das vozes, respeitando a diversidade cultural e possibilitando o espírito crítico e a participação cívica. O objetivo central desta investigação é caracterizar e avaliar a ação do operador de serviço público de rádio e televisão – RTP - ao nível da informação de proximidade difundida nos seus noticiários diários. Por um lado, pretendemos caracterizar a informação de proximidade no serviço público através da análise descritiva e interpretativa das notícias locais e regionais difundidas nos noticiários diários na rádio e televisão dos principais serviços de programas do operador de serviço público nacional. análise de conteúdo interpretativa das entrevistas realizadas aos profissionais sobre a informação de proximidade no serviço público. Interessa-nos identificar qual o papel do serviço público na promoção de uma informação diversificada, plural, descentralizada e próxima dos cidadãos. Por outro lado, procuramos conhecer as perceções dos profissionais sobre o serviço público - sua missão, princípios e valores; identificar as suas práticas, rotinas e decisões no processo de produção noticiosa; compreender o seu entendimento em relação ao papel da informação de proximidade no contexto no contexto do serviço público; e avaliar a relação centro-periferia no âmbito da descentralização informativa Uma primeira conclusão da nossa investigação é que nem sempre os discursos e a prática profissional coincidem com aquilo que efetivamente é produzido e emitido nos espaços informativos estudados. Encontramos uma consciência plena por parte dos profissionais daquilo que representa o serviço público no que respeita ao seu papel e missão na sociedade, bem como a convicção de que ele tem associado valores pelos quais se deve reger e que influenciam a prática profissional de quem lá trabalha. Contudo, quando comparamos com as notícias que efetivamente são emitidas, concluímos que ainda existem algumas fragilidades e lacunas a vários níveis, nomeadamente ao nível da diversidade e do pluralismo, embora nem sempre assumidas ou percecionadas por parte de alguns dos profissionais. Existem diversos fatores que condicionam e dificultam o total cumprimento daquilo que se exige deste serviço. Alguns deles foram apontados pelos profissionais entrevistados, outros foram detetados na análise das notícias estudadas, demonstrando o peso que têm no momento de construção noticiosa, designadamente as características da organização, os critérios de noticiabilidade, a cultural profissional dos jornalistas, as rotinas produtivas, os ciclos que estruturam a informação, a gestão das diversas agendas, a relação com a concorrência ou ainda o perfil individual do jornalista. No entanto, na nossa opinião, os media de serviço público devem fazer o esforço para contrariar o peso exercido pelos elementos que estruturam o campo jornalístico porque é isso que se espera deles e é isso que irá justificar a sua existência.
This research integrates the scientific area of communication sciences, more specifically the study of media and journalism in the context of public service media. In it we revisit the concept of public service media, trying to reflect on its role, function, and social responsibility in a society in constant transformation. In recent decades, the debate on this issue has been the subject of interest of researchers, legislators and decision-makers, which has increased due to the changes that have occurred in the international media ecosystem, which have posed new challenges to this sector and brought new issues and problems to this debate. Although it is a concept under construction and transformation, there are aspects on which it is based, namely its connection to citizenship issues, the safeguarding of democratic values, being at the service of the citizen, the availability of contents that reflect the diverse and plural society in which it is inserted or even being one of the pillars of a cohesive and informed society. We also approach the theme of proximity information in public service and its role in the construction of alternative spaces for knowledge. News give us "clues to know the world", but they also give us the frameworks from which this knowledge and interpretation are made. They have an educational function in that they let us know what is happening around us, but they also have a social function because they allow us to position ourselves and act as elements of a social whole. News perform the task of contributing to social cohesion by defining what should be known by all so that they can act in their context and, through their actions, build a common collective identity. Studying local and regional news is an important contribution to understand and evaluate the action of the public service in matters such as the promotion of social and territorial cohesion, namely by bringing distant realities closer, creating affinities and feelings of belonging, reducing distances between centres and peripheries, valuing the polyphony of voices, respecting cultural diversity and enabling critical spirit and civic participation. The central aim of this research is to characterize and evaluate the action of the public service radio and television operator - RTP - at the level of proximity information broadcasted in its daily newscasts. On one hand, we intend to characterize the proximity information in the public service through the descriptive and interpretative analysis of the local and regional news broadcasted in the daily newscasts in the radio and television of the main program services of the national public service operator. We are interested in identifying what is the role of the public service in the promotion of a diversified, plural, decentralized and close to the citizens information. On the other hand, we seek to know the professionals' perceptions about the public service - its mission, principles and values; to identify their practices, routines and decisions in the process of news production; to analyse their understanding about the role of proximity information in the public service context; and to evaluate the centre-periphery relationship in the scope of decentralization A first conclusion of our research is that the discourses and the professional practice do not always coincide with what is effectively produced and broadcasted in the news. We found a full awareness on the part of the professionals of what the public service represents in terms of its role and mission in society, as well as the conviction that it has associated values by which it should be governed and that influence the professional practice of those who work there. However, when we compare it with the news that, we conclude that there are still some weaknesses and gaps, namely in terms of diversity and pluralism, although not always assumed or perceived by some of the professionals. There are several factors that condition and hinder the full compliance with what is required from this service. Some of them were pointed out by the interviewed professionals, others were detected in our analysis, demonstrating the relevance they have in the moment of news construction, namely the characteristics of the organization, the criteria of newsworthiness, the journalists’ professional culture, the production routines, the cycles that structure the information, the management of the agendas, the relationship with the competition or even the individual profile of the journalist. However, in our opinion, public service media should make the effort to counteract the weight exerted by the elements that structure the journalistic field because that is what is expected of it and that is what will justify its existence.
This research integrates the scientific area of communication sciences, more specifically the study of media and journalism in the context of public service media. In it we revisit the concept of public service media, trying to reflect on its role, function, and social responsibility in a society in constant transformation. In recent decades, the debate on this issue has been the subject of interest of researchers, legislators and decision-makers, which has increased due to the changes that have occurred in the international media ecosystem, which have posed new challenges to this sector and brought new issues and problems to this debate. Although it is a concept under construction and transformation, there are aspects on which it is based, namely its connection to citizenship issues, the safeguarding of democratic values, being at the service of the citizen, the availability of contents that reflect the diverse and plural society in which it is inserted or even being one of the pillars of a cohesive and informed society. We also approach the theme of proximity information in public service and its role in the construction of alternative spaces for knowledge. News give us "clues to know the world", but they also give us the frameworks from which this knowledge and interpretation are made. They have an educational function in that they let us know what is happening around us, but they also have a social function because they allow us to position ourselves and act as elements of a social whole. News perform the task of contributing to social cohesion by defining what should be known by all so that they can act in their context and, through their actions, build a common collective identity. Studying local and regional news is an important contribution to understand and evaluate the action of the public service in matters such as the promotion of social and territorial cohesion, namely by bringing distant realities closer, creating affinities and feelings of belonging, reducing distances between centres and peripheries, valuing the polyphony of voices, respecting cultural diversity and enabling critical spirit and civic participation. The central aim of this research is to characterize and evaluate the action of the public service radio and television operator - RTP - at the level of proximity information broadcasted in its daily newscasts. On one hand, we intend to characterize the proximity information in the public service through the descriptive and interpretative analysis of the local and regional news broadcasted in the daily newscasts in the radio and television of the main program services of the national public service operator. We are interested in identifying what is the role of the public service in the promotion of a diversified, plural, decentralized and close to the citizens information. On the other hand, we seek to know the professionals' perceptions about the public service - its mission, principles and values; to identify their practices, routines and decisions in the process of news production; to analyse their understanding about the role of proximity information in the public service context; and to evaluate the centre-periphery relationship in the scope of decentralization A first conclusion of our research is that the discourses and the professional practice do not always coincide with what is effectively produced and broadcasted in the news. We found a full awareness on the part of the professionals of what the public service represents in terms of its role and mission in society, as well as the conviction that it has associated values by which it should be governed and that influence the professional practice of those who work there. However, when we compare it with the news that, we conclude that there are still some weaknesses and gaps, namely in terms of diversity and pluralism, although not always assumed or perceived by some of the professionals. There are several factors that condition and hinder the full compliance with what is required from this service. Some of them were pointed out by the interviewed professionals, others were detected in our analysis, demonstrating the relevance they have in the moment of news construction, namely the characteristics of the organization, the criteria of newsworthiness, the journalists’ professional culture, the production routines, the cycles that structure the information, the management of the agendas, the relationship with the competition or even the individual profile of the journalist. However, in our opinion, public service media should make the effort to counteract the weight exerted by the elements that structure the journalistic field because that is what is expected of it and that is what will justify its existence.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Serviço Público Rádio Televisão RTP Jornalismo Media de serviço público Proximidade Journalism Public service media Proximity