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A influência dos Estados Unidos da América nos Programas e Políticas de Planeamento Familiar na Bolívia, no Brasil, no Chile e no Perú entre 1945-2021 à luz da Teoria da Reprodução Social
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A preocupação política com o tamanho da população não é um facto novo ou único na história mundial, podendo ser encontrados exemplos desse fenómeno antes mesmo do surgimento do Estado Moderno. Com o desenvolvimento e expansão do capitalismo, o interesse nas dinâmicas populacionais também se internacionalizou e ganhou destaque na política externa de potências hegemónicas, especialmente dos Estados Unidos da América. Os países periféricos, cujas populações já eram afetadas pelas dinâmicas da colonização e do imperialismo, passam a ser influenciados pela internacionalização das questões populacionais num contexto de Guerra Fria. Essas políticas, entre as quais se destaca a promoção do planeamento familiar, eram enquadradas por um discurso de “bomba demográfica”, mas muitas vezes eram pautadas pelo interesse nos mercados e nas matérias-primas da periferia. O objetivo principal dessa dissertação é, então, identificar o impacto da histórica influência da política externa dos Estados Unidos da América nos atuais programas e políticas de planeamento familiar e seus indicadores em saúde sexual e reprodutiva, especificamente nas taxas de gravidez na adolescência, taxas de mortalidade materna e na prevalência do uso de métodos contracetivos por mulheres, na Bolívia, no Brasil, no Chile e no Peru enquadrado pela Teoria da Reprodução Social do feminismo marxista.
Resultados: Com a sistematização das informações sobre a evolução do planeamento familiar dos países em estudo e sobre as motivações e/ou justificativas, estratégias e resultados da influência da política externa dos EUA neste processo, pode-se concluir, com base na Teoria da Reprodução Social, que a formulação dessas políticas e desses programas é realizada no contexto de uma estrutura social pré-determinada e, por isso, reflete seus interesses e valores. Esses interesses, no entanto, não se traduzem em benefícios para todas e todos. Isso pode ser verificado por meio da análise do desenvolvimento e expansão do capitalismo, em particular a partir dos anos 1980, e sua relação com processos de reprodução social e biológica. Sendo assim, concluiu-se que os desenvolvimentos de políticas de planeamento reprodutivo que valorizem, de facto, a escolha, necessitam ocorrer sob os Estados, numa lógica de soberania reprodutiva.Afirma-se que esta perspetiva poderia auxiliar na compreensão de dinâmicas no âmbito da saúde sexual e reprodutiva, perspetivando então novos horizontes de investigação e ação.
Abstract The political concern with population size is not a new or unique fact in world history, and examples of this phenomenon can be found even before the emergence of the Modern State. With the development and expansion of capitalism, the interest in population dynamics also became internationalized and gained prominence in the foreign policy of hegemonic powers, especially the United States of America. Periphery countries, whose populations were already affected by the dynamics of colonization and imperialism, began to be influenced by the internationalization of population issues in the context of the Cold War. These policies, among which the promotion of family planning stands out, were framed by a “demographic bomb” discourse, but were often guided by an interest in markets and raw materials from the periphery. The main objective of this dissertation is, therefore, to identify the impact of the historical influence of the foreign policy of the United States of America on current family planning programs and policies and their indicators in sexual and reproductive health, specifically on teenage pregnancy rates, rates of maternal mortality and the prevalence of the use of contraceptive methods by women in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Peru, framed by the Social Reproduction Theory of Marxist feminism. Results: After the systematization of information on the evolution of family planning in the countries under study and on the motivations and/or justifications, strategies and results of the influence of US foreign policy in this process, it can be concluded, based on the Theory of Reproduction Social, that the formulation of these policies and programs is carried out in the context of a predetermined social structure and, therefore, reflects its interests and values. These interests, however, do not translate into benefits for everyone. This can be verified by analyzing the development and expansion of capitalism, particularly from the 1980s onwards, and its relationship with processes of social and biological reproduction. Thus, it was concluded that the development of reproductive planning policies that, in fact, value choice, need to occur under the States, in a logic of reproductive sovereignty. This perspective could help in understanding the dynamics in the field of sexual and reproductive health, thus envisioning new horizons for research and action.
Abstract The political concern with population size is not a new or unique fact in world history, and examples of this phenomenon can be found even before the emergence of the Modern State. With the development and expansion of capitalism, the interest in population dynamics also became internationalized and gained prominence in the foreign policy of hegemonic powers, especially the United States of America. Periphery countries, whose populations were already affected by the dynamics of colonization and imperialism, began to be influenced by the internationalization of population issues in the context of the Cold War. These policies, among which the promotion of family planning stands out, were framed by a “demographic bomb” discourse, but were often guided by an interest in markets and raw materials from the periphery. The main objective of this dissertation is, therefore, to identify the impact of the historical influence of the foreign policy of the United States of America on current family planning programs and policies and their indicators in sexual and reproductive health, specifically on teenage pregnancy rates, rates of maternal mortality and the prevalence of the use of contraceptive methods by women in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Peru, framed by the Social Reproduction Theory of Marxist feminism. Results: After the systematization of information on the evolution of family planning in the countries under study and on the motivations and/or justifications, strategies and results of the influence of US foreign policy in this process, it can be concluded, based on the Theory of Reproduction Social, that the formulation of these policies and programs is carried out in the context of a predetermined social structure and, therefore, reflects its interests and values. These interests, however, do not translate into benefits for everyone. This can be verified by analyzing the development and expansion of capitalism, particularly from the 1980s onwards, and its relationship with processes of social and biological reproduction. Thus, it was concluded that the development of reproductive planning policies that, in fact, value choice, need to occur under the States, in a logic of reproductive sovereignty. This perspective could help in understanding the dynamics in the field of sexual and reproductive health, thus envisioning new horizons for research and action.
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Saúde pública Planeamento famiiar Teoria da reprodução social