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Binómio Pobreza-Ambiente nos Países em Desenvolvimento: Análise Sistémica das Relações Causais e do Papel da Participação
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Resumo(s)
O bem-estar da população que vive em condições de pobreza nos países em desenvolvimento está fortemente ligado está fortemente ligado ao ambiente, em termos de subsistência, saúde e vulnerabilidade. Deste modo, a redução da pobreza em todas as suas manifestações a nível mundial, juntamente com a proteção ambiental, é uma das principais preocupações dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Estudos recentes argumentam que tanto a pobreza como o ambiente são conceitos multidimensionais com relações complexas, dinâmicas e localmente específicas.
Apesar de existir uma grande diversidade de modelos conceptuais que tentam captar o cerne destas relações, ainda nenhum combina dados globais sobre privações socioeconómicas e privações ambientais experienciadas pela mesma população no mesmo período de tempo. Tais abordagens serão também mais adequadas se forem implementadas numa lógica participativa, com a colaboração das partes interessadas. Neste contexto, observou-se a necessidade de criar e aprofundar uma metodologia integrada, sistémica e contextualizada que identifique quem e como as pessoas socioeconomicamente pobres são afetadas pelas questões ambientais e de recursos naturais e vice-versa. A presente dissertação vem propor uma abordagem sistémica para analisar este nexo.
A metodologia desenvolvida consistiu na revisão sistemática de artigos (n=52) relaci-onados com o nexo pobreza-ambiente e que utilizaram abordagens participativas. Paralela-mente, tendo por base o modelo DPSIR alargado do GEO-4 das Nações Unidas, a revisão de literatura consultada, e os principais quadros conceptuais que consideram o nexo Pobreza-Ambiente, elaborou-se um modelo de análise aplicado às relações entre ambiente e pobreza. Foi desenvolvida uma estratégia de codificação textual, fundada em Grounded Theory e Dinâmica de Sistemas, que permitiu suportar a elaboração de diagramas causais, estando classificados por temas que revelam relações causa-efeito e ciclos de retroação críticos, bem como o papel de abordagens participativas, no estudo das inter-relações mencionadas, em países em desenvolvimento.
A análise sistémica possibilitou a compreensão da estrutura das relações entre as componentes sociais e ambientais, mais complexa e detalhada quando comparada apenas à análise sistemática dos artigos. Em parte significativa dos estudos construiu-se todo o caminho da rede causal, evidenciando as variáveis-chave do sistema. A divisão dos estudos por cluster – nomeadamente (A) acesso e/ou controlo de ativos ambientais; (B)investimento e melhoria dos serviços dos ecossistemas; (C) gestão e conhecimento dos serviços dos ecossistemas; e (D) distribuição e acesso a benefícios dos ecossistemas – permitiu sintetizar o que constitui o cerne de cada manifestação de pobreza.
Observou-se que, a nível das relações pobreza-ambiente, à medida que se vai subindo na ordem de classificação, as componentes de bem-estar humano progressivamente têm mais impacte na componente ambiental. No cluster A, predominam as relações causa-efeito das variáveis ambientais para as variáveis de bem-estar, enquanto em D, denota-se que é a componente social que exerce mais impacte no ambiente. Numa perspetiva diferente, a “Participação”, enquanto variável de resposta, demonstrou-se imprescindível ao bom funcionamento das restantes, funcionando em todos os estudos como variável base/de apoio. Ademais, observa-se que a sua atuação no sistema é predominantemente de cariz preventiva e adaptativa, atuando a montante e a jusante, em todos os clusters analisados.
The well-being of impoverished people is strongly linked to the environment, in terms of livelihoods, health and vulnerability. Thus, reducing poverty in all its manifestations at the global level, together with environmental protection, is one of the main concerns of the Sus-tainable Development Goals. Recent studies argue that both poverty and environment are multidimensional concepts with complex, dynamic and locally specific relationships. While there is a great diversity of conceptual models that attempt to capture the core of these relationships, none yet combines global data on socio-economic deprivations and en-vironmental deprivations experienced by the same population in the same time period. Such approaches will also be more appropriate if they are implemented in a participatory logic, with the collaboration of stakeholders. In this context, it was observed the need to create and deepen an integrated, systemic and contextualised methodology that identifies who and how socio-economically poor people are affected by environmental and natural resource issues and vice-versa. This dissertation proposes a systemic approach to analyse this nexus. The methodology developed consisted in a systematic review of articles (n=52) related to the poverty-environment nexus and which used participatory approaches. In parallel, on the basis of the extended DPSIR model of the United Nations GEO-4, the consulted literature review, and the main conceptual frameworks which consider the Poverty-Environment nexus, an analysis model applied to the relations between environment and poverty was elab-orated. A textual coding strategy, grounded in Grounded Theory and System Dynamics, was developed to support the elaboration of causal diagrams, classified by themes that reveal cause-effect relationships and critical feedback loops, as well as the role of participatory ap-proaches in the study of the interrelationships in developing countries. The systemic analysis enabled the understanding of the structure of relations between social and environmental components, more complex and detailed when compared only to the systematic analysis of the articles. In a significant part of the studies the entire path of the causal network was constructed, highlighting the key variables of the system. The division of the studies by cluster – namely (A) access to and/or control of environ-mental assets; (B) investment in and improvement of ecosystem services; (C) management and knowledge of ecosystem services; and (D) distribution and access to ecosystem benefits – allowed to synthesize what constitutes the core of each manifestation of poverty. It was observed that, at the level of poverty-environment relations, as one moves up the ranking order, the human well-being components progressively have more impact on the environmental component. In cluster A, the cause-effect relations of the environmental varia-bles for the well-being variables predominate, while in D, we denote that it is the social com-ponent that has more impact on the environment. From a different perspective, "Participa-tion", as a response variable, proved to be indispensable to the proper functioning of the oth-ers, functioning in all studies as a base/support variable. Furthermore, one observes that its action in the system is predominantly of an adaptive and preventive nature, acting upstream and downstream, in all clusters analysed.
The well-being of impoverished people is strongly linked to the environment, in terms of livelihoods, health and vulnerability. Thus, reducing poverty in all its manifestations at the global level, together with environmental protection, is one of the main concerns of the Sus-tainable Development Goals. Recent studies argue that both poverty and environment are multidimensional concepts with complex, dynamic and locally specific relationships. While there is a great diversity of conceptual models that attempt to capture the core of these relationships, none yet combines global data on socio-economic deprivations and en-vironmental deprivations experienced by the same population in the same time period. Such approaches will also be more appropriate if they are implemented in a participatory logic, with the collaboration of stakeholders. In this context, it was observed the need to create and deepen an integrated, systemic and contextualised methodology that identifies who and how socio-economically poor people are affected by environmental and natural resource issues and vice-versa. This dissertation proposes a systemic approach to analyse this nexus. The methodology developed consisted in a systematic review of articles (n=52) related to the poverty-environment nexus and which used participatory approaches. In parallel, on the basis of the extended DPSIR model of the United Nations GEO-4, the consulted literature review, and the main conceptual frameworks which consider the Poverty-Environment nexus, an analysis model applied to the relations between environment and poverty was elab-orated. A textual coding strategy, grounded in Grounded Theory and System Dynamics, was developed to support the elaboration of causal diagrams, classified by themes that reveal cause-effect relationships and critical feedback loops, as well as the role of participatory ap-proaches in the study of the interrelationships in developing countries. The systemic analysis enabled the understanding of the structure of relations between social and environmental components, more complex and detailed when compared only to the systematic analysis of the articles. In a significant part of the studies the entire path of the causal network was constructed, highlighting the key variables of the system. The division of the studies by cluster – namely (A) access to and/or control of environ-mental assets; (B) investment in and improvement of ecosystem services; (C) management and knowledge of ecosystem services; and (D) distribution and access to ecosystem benefits – allowed to synthesize what constitutes the core of each manifestation of poverty. It was observed that, at the level of poverty-environment relations, as one moves up the ranking order, the human well-being components progressively have more impact on the environmental component. In cluster A, the cause-effect relations of the environmental varia-bles for the well-being variables predominate, while in D, we denote that it is the social com-ponent that has more impact on the environment. From a different perspective, "Participa-tion", as a response variable, proved to be indispensable to the proper functioning of the oth-ers, functioning in all studies as a base/support variable. Furthermore, one observes that its action in the system is predominantly of an adaptive and preventive nature, acting upstream and downstream, in all clusters analysed.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
binómio ambiente-pobreza países em desenvolvimento abordagens participativas diagramas causais modelo DPSIR codificação textual