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Desenvolvimento e Caracterização de Cabos e Barramentos Supercondutores para Distribuição de Energia Elétrica
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Resumo(s)
A crescente densidade populacional nas grandes cidades representa um grande desafio na
distribuição de energia elétrica. Nessas zonas, os espaços subterrâneos, onde muitas vezes
se encontra a infraestrutura elétrica, encontram-se sobrelotados, sendo assim desafiante
a instalação de novos equipamentos para responder à crescente procura por eletricidade.
Os materiais supercondutores de alta temperatura são vistos como uma potencial solução
que pode ajudar a atenuar este problema. As suas perdas nulas em corrente contínua ou
residuais em corrente alternada e o tamanho reduzido dos dispositivos fabricados com
estes materiais, comparativamente aos de cobre ou alumínio, fazem com que estes sejam
atrativos do ponto de vista da distribuição de energia, apesar do seu custo mais elevado e
da necessidade de operação a temperaturas criogénicas.
Dentro das aplicações dos materiais supercondutores de alta temperatura, aquela que
muitas vezes é vista como a mais desenvolvida é a de cabos fabricados com fitas desses
materiais. Existem diversos tipos de cabos, que se distinguem entre si pela disposição
e número de fitas utilizadas, capacidade de transporte de corrente, perdas e aplicações.
Esta dissertação pretende fazer um agregado de alguns destes tipos de cabos presentes na
literatura, bem como a apresentação de alguns projetos já implementados na rede elétrica
ou de demonstração.
Outra aplicação emergente nos últimos anos é a de barramentos supercondutores.
Estes apresentam volumes reduzidos, para a mesma capacidade, quando comparados com
barramentos convencionais de cobre. Neste trabalho desenvolveram-se três barramentos
supercondutores, com um número de fitas utilizadas diferente, com o objetivo de verificar
as suas perdas em corrente alternada, comparando-os não só entre si como também com
barramentos de cobre. Verificaram-se perdas 24 vezes menores num dos barramentos
supercondutores desenvolvidos, quando comparadas com as perdas de barramentos de
cobre com o mesmo volume, sendo necessário um barramento de cobre com volume 25
vezes maior para se obterem perdas semelhantes às desse barramento supercondutor.
The growing population density in large cities represents a major challenge for the distribution of electrical energy. In these places, the underground spaces, in which a lot of the electrical infrastructure is located, is overcrowded, making it difficult to install new equipment to account for the increasing demand in electricity. High-temperature superconducting materials are seen as a potential solution to help attenuate this problem. Their negligible losses in direct current and residual losses in alternating current, in addition to the smaller size of devices made with these materials, when compared to ones made with copper or aluminium, make them attractive materials for energy distribution applications, despite their higher cost and the need for operation in cryogenic temperatures. Regarding high temperature superconducting applications, cables manufactured with tapes made from these materials are often regarded as the most advanced. There are many different types of cables, which are differentiated by the number and arrangement of tapes used, current-carrying capabilities, losses and applications. This thesis seeks to aggregate some of these types of cables, which are reported in the literature, as well as some projects already implemented around the world in the electrical grid and demonstration projects. Another emerging application in the last few years is superconducting busbars. These exhibit very small volumes (for the same current-carrying capability), when compared to their copper or aluminium counterparts. In this dissertation three different superconduct- ing busbars were developed, all with a different amount of used tapes, with the objective of observing their losses and comparing them between themselves and also with copper busbars. Losses approximately 24 times lower were observed in one of the developed superconducting busbars, compared to copper busbars of the same volume, and a copper busbar with a volume 25 times larger would be required to achieve similar losses.
The growing population density in large cities represents a major challenge for the distribution of electrical energy. In these places, the underground spaces, in which a lot of the electrical infrastructure is located, is overcrowded, making it difficult to install new equipment to account for the increasing demand in electricity. High-temperature superconducting materials are seen as a potential solution to help attenuate this problem. Their negligible losses in direct current and residual losses in alternating current, in addition to the smaller size of devices made with these materials, when compared to ones made with copper or aluminium, make them attractive materials for energy distribution applications, despite their higher cost and the need for operation in cryogenic temperatures. Regarding high temperature superconducting applications, cables manufactured with tapes made from these materials are often regarded as the most advanced. There are many different types of cables, which are differentiated by the number and arrangement of tapes used, current-carrying capabilities, losses and applications. This thesis seeks to aggregate some of these types of cables, which are reported in the literature, as well as some projects already implemented around the world in the electrical grid and demonstration projects. Another emerging application in the last few years is superconducting busbars. These exhibit very small volumes (for the same current-carrying capability), when compared to their copper or aluminium counterparts. In this dissertation three different superconduct- ing busbars were developed, all with a different amount of used tapes, with the objective of observing their losses and comparing them between themselves and also with copper busbars. Losses approximately 24 times lower were observed in one of the developed superconducting busbars, compared to copper busbars of the same volume, and a copper busbar with a volume 25 times larger would be required to achieve similar losses.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Supercondutividade de alta temperatura Cabos supercondutores Barramentos supercondutores Perdas AC Corrente crítica