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Tratamento hidrotérmico como forma de remediação e valorização de águas-ruças e bagaço de azeitona
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O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar alternativa ao tratamento da água-ruça
através da carbonização hidrotérmica (HTC) desta, vinculada a adição de biomassa proveniente
do lagar de azeite, afim de promover sua valorização e economia circular no local.
Foram utilizadas matérias-primas provenientes de um lagar de três fases, como a água-ruça
e o bagaço de azeitona seco, além da folha de oliveira, biomassa residual florestal, carvão ativado
e areia. Com estes foram preparados ensaios de carbonização hidrotérmica para temperaturas
entre 150°C e 250°C, tempo de reação de 60 min, com a razão sólido:líquido de 0:1, 1:10 e 1:100.
Além do HTC, foram realizados ensaios de carbonização tradicional com o bagaço e a biomassa
residual florestal, nas temperaturas de 250°C e 300°C, e tempo de reação de 60 min.
Dos produtos obtidos, foram analisadas as fases aquosas através dos parâmetros do pH e
condutividade elétrica, teor de compostos fenólicos totais, carência química de oxigênio (CQO),
sólidos totais, voláteis e fixos, sólidos suspensos totais, turvação e composição mineral das cinzas,
e comparados com a água-ruça para verificação de sua eficiência no tratamento hidrotérmico.
Juntamente com a fase aquosa, foram analisadas as matérias-primas e os biocarvões obtidos
através do teor de humidade e cinzas, poder calorífico superior, análise elementar, rendimento
mássico e energético, capacidade de retenção de água, adsorção e germinação.
Em relação ao tratamento da água-ruça, os melhores resultados foram obtidos através da
carbonização hidrotérmica sem a adição de biomassa, com carvão ativado, e no ensaio com adição
da areia, onde foram alcançadas taxas de remoção de 48% dos compostos fenólicos totais e 53%
de CQO, tendo este apresentado resultado superior inclusive ao carvão ativado. Os sólidos
suspensos totais foi o parâmetro que apresentou melhor resultado através do HTC, com uma
remoção de 96% obtida através da mistura das fases aquosas dos ensaios. Dos biocarvões obtidos,
observou-se em geral uma valorização das matérias-primas através da carbonização. O HTC
provocou uma redução no teor de cinzas, sendo esta redução diretamente vinculada ao aumento
da temperatura de reação. O teor de carbono de todos os biocarvões apresentou aumento, sendo
os hidrocarvões com resultados superiores aos biocarvões da carbonização tradicional, quando
realizados a mesma temperatura. Consequentemente, houve um aumento no poder calorífico das
biomassas, chegando a 24,80 MJ/kg na carbonização tradicional do bagaço a 300°C.
Neste estudo foi possível verificar uma alternativa ao tratamento da água-ruça com a
utilização de uma matéria-prima abundante, que é a areia, em condições acessíveis através da
carbonização hidrotérmica. Apesar de a adição das biomassas no HTC não ter resultado
positivamente no tratamento da água-ruça, pois ao contrário de retirar compostos da água, acabou
por liberar estes, observou-se uma valorização dos resíduos provenientes do lagar de azeite
através da produção dos biocarvões, o que mostra um potencial na aplicação destes na economia
circular do lagar.
The present study aims to present an alternative to the treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), linked to the addition of biowaste from the olive mill, in order to promote its valorization and circular economy in the place. Raw materials from three-phase olive mill were used, such as OMWW and dried pomace, in addition to the olive leaf, residual forest biomass, charcoal activated and sand. With these, hydrothermal carbonization tests were prepared for temperatures between 150°C and 250°C, reaction time of 60 min, with the solid:liquid ratio of 0:1, 1:10 and 1:100. In addition to HTC, traditional carbonization tests were carried out with dried pomace and residual forest biomass, at temperatures of 250°C and 300°C, and a reaction time of 60 min. From the obtained products, the liquid phases were analyzed through the parameters of pH and electrical conductivity, content of total phenolic compounds, chemical oxygen deficiency (COD), total, voletile and fixed solids, total suspended solids, turbidity and mineral composition of the ashes, and compare with the OMWW to verify its efficiency in hydrothermal treatment. Together with the liquid phase, raw materials and biochars obtained through moisture and ash content, higher heating value (HHV), elemental analysis, mass and energy yield, water holding capacity, adsorption and germination were analyzed. Regarding the treatment of OMWW, the best results were obtained through hydrothermal carbonization without the addition of biomass, with charcoal activated, and in the test with addition of sand, where removal rates of 48% of the total phenolic compounds and 53% of COD, which had a higher result even than charcoal activated. The total suspended solids was the parameter that showed the best result through HTC, with a 96% removal obtained by mixing the liquid phases of the tests. Of the biochars obtained, the raw materials were generally valued through carbonization. The HTC caused a reduction in the ash content, this reduction being directly linked to the increase in the reaction temperature. The carbon content of all biochars increased, with the hidrochars having results superior to biochars of traditional carbonization, when carried out at the same temperature. Consequently, there was an increase in the HHV of the biomasses, reaching 24,80 MJ/kg in the traditional carbonization of dried pomace at 300°C. In this study it was possible to verify an alternative to the treatment of OMWW with the use of an abundant raw material, which is sand, in conditions accessible through hydrothermal carbonization. Althought the addition of biomasses on HTC did not have a positive effect on the treatment of OMWW, as instead of removing compounds from the water, ther ended up releasing these, there was an appreciation of the residues from the olive mill through the production of biochars which shows a potential in the application of these in the circular economy in the olive mill.
The present study aims to present an alternative to the treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), linked to the addition of biowaste from the olive mill, in order to promote its valorization and circular economy in the place. Raw materials from three-phase olive mill were used, such as OMWW and dried pomace, in addition to the olive leaf, residual forest biomass, charcoal activated and sand. With these, hydrothermal carbonization tests were prepared for temperatures between 150°C and 250°C, reaction time of 60 min, with the solid:liquid ratio of 0:1, 1:10 and 1:100. In addition to HTC, traditional carbonization tests were carried out with dried pomace and residual forest biomass, at temperatures of 250°C and 300°C, and a reaction time of 60 min. From the obtained products, the liquid phases were analyzed through the parameters of pH and electrical conductivity, content of total phenolic compounds, chemical oxygen deficiency (COD), total, voletile and fixed solids, total suspended solids, turbidity and mineral composition of the ashes, and compare with the OMWW to verify its efficiency in hydrothermal treatment. Together with the liquid phase, raw materials and biochars obtained through moisture and ash content, higher heating value (HHV), elemental analysis, mass and energy yield, water holding capacity, adsorption and germination were analyzed. Regarding the treatment of OMWW, the best results were obtained through hydrothermal carbonization without the addition of biomass, with charcoal activated, and in the test with addition of sand, where removal rates of 48% of the total phenolic compounds and 53% of COD, which had a higher result even than charcoal activated. The total suspended solids was the parameter that showed the best result through HTC, with a 96% removal obtained by mixing the liquid phases of the tests. Of the biochars obtained, the raw materials were generally valued through carbonization. The HTC caused a reduction in the ash content, this reduction being directly linked to the increase in the reaction temperature. The carbon content of all biochars increased, with the hidrochars having results superior to biochars of traditional carbonization, when carried out at the same temperature. Consequently, there was an increase in the HHV of the biomasses, reaching 24,80 MJ/kg in the traditional carbonization of dried pomace at 300°C. In this study it was possible to verify an alternative to the treatment of OMWW with the use of an abundant raw material, which is sand, in conditions accessible through hydrothermal carbonization. Althought the addition of biomasses on HTC did not have a positive effect on the treatment of OMWW, as instead of removing compounds from the water, ther ended up releasing these, there was an appreciation of the residues from the olive mill through the production of biochars which shows a potential in the application of these in the circular economy in the olive mill.
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Palavras-chave
água-ruça carbonização carbonização hidrotérmica biomassa biocarvão