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From Ink to Mockup

2026-02Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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dc.contributor.authorNunes, Margarida
dc.contributor.authorVieira, Joana Costa
dc.contributor.authorCosta, Ana Paula
dc.contributor.authorCabral, Maria Emília Amaral
dc.contributor.authorVieira, Bruno J.C.
dc.contributor.authorWaerenborgh, João Carlos
dc.contributor.authorNogueira, Helena I.S.
dc.contributor.authorMitchell, Scott G.
dc.contributor.authorClaro, Ana
dc.contributor.authorFerreira, Teresa
dc.contributor.institutionCHAM - Centro de Humanidades
dc.contributor.pblWiley | Wiley-VCH Verlag
dc.date.accessioned2026-05-27T09:28:01Z
dc.date.available2026-05-27T09:28:01Z
dc.date.issued2026-02
dc.descriptionUID/04666/2025 PTDC/ART-HIS/32327/2017 UIDB/00195/2020 LA/P/0006/2020 https://doi.org/10.54499/UID/04666/2025
dc.description.abstractIron gall inks (IGIs) played a central role as a writing medium in Western countries, leaving behind a vast legacy and significant conservation challenges. This study presents a twofold methodological approach to investigate the physicochemical behaviour of IGI-based formulations found in historical Portuguese sources. Fresh and 6-month naturally aged precipitates and supernatant solutions (dried inks) were characterised, and the impact of IGIs on Whatman paper over ageing was studied using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopies and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Iron(II) sulphates comprised the primary crystalline phase in the precipitates, while the dried inks consisted of distinct Fe(III)-polyphenol (PPh) complexes. Over time, Fe(III) Mössbauer parameters supported complex structural alterations. IGI-induced degradation on aged mockups was attested by Fe(II) oxalate formation until total depletion of the Fe(III)-PPh fraction. pH, ATR-FT-IR and degree of polymerisation analyses suggested that cellulose oxidation is the primary degradation mechanism, and the physical properties and XRD corroborated that the cellulose structure became disordered over ageing. The ink with the higher weight ratio of Fe(II) sulphate:gallnuts (unbalanced) exhibited the most aggressive action on the support. The results confirm that the more unbalanced the ink composition, the more severe its impact, with ink concentration per surface area also being a critical factor in paper decay.en
dc.description.versionpublishersversion
dc.description.versionpublished
dc.format.extent18
dc.format.extent1952564
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/cplu.202500369
dc.identifier.issn2192-6506
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 153471975
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: 0c67e956-74c7-4b36-9594-fa60d2ae51d8
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 105028905479
dc.identifier.otherPubMed: 41614380
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/203460
dc.identifier.urlhttps://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105028905479
dc.identifier.urlhttps://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cplu.202500369
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/Avaliação UID 2023%2F2024/UID%2F04666%2F2025/PT
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/Concurso para Financiamento de Projetos de Investigação Científica e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Todos os Domínios Científicos - 2017/PTDC%2FART-HIS%2F32327%2F2017/PT
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/Concurso de avaliação no âmbito do Programa Plurianual de Financiamento de Unidades de I&D (2017%2F2018) - Financiamento Base/UIDB%2F00195%2F2020/PT
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/Concurso para Atribuição do Estatuto e Financiamento de Laboratórios Associados (LA)/LA%2FP%2F0006%2F2020/PT
dc.subjectArtificial ageing
dc.subjectFe(II) oxalate
dc.subjectIron gall ink
dc.subjectMössbauer spectroscopy
dc.subjectVibrational spectroscopy
dc.subjectGeneral Chemistry
dc.titleFrom Ink to Mockupen
dc.title.subtitleAn Integrated Study of Historical Gall Ink Formulations and Their Impact on Paperen
dc.typejournal article
degois.publication.firstPage1
degois.publication.issue2
degois.publication.lastPage18
degois.publication.titleChemPlusChem
degois.publication.volume91
dspace.entity.typePublication
rcaap.rightsopenAccess

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