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Towards a sustainable future
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Resumo(s)
Objective: The objective of this article is to examine the legal and regulatory framework governing Indian Railways in order to assess its capacity to support modernization, financial sustainability, safety, digital transformation, and environmental protection. Through a comparative analysis of international railway governance models from countries such as Japan, Germany, China, the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Switzerland, the study aims to identify global best practices that can inform regulatory reform in India and contribute to transforming Indian Railways into a competitive, efficient, and sustainable transport system aligned with constitutional principles and international environmental commitments. Methodology: This study employs a qualitative and doctrinal research methodology, combining legal analysis, policy evaluation, and comparative law. Primary sources include Indian legislation, regulatory instruments, policy documents, and landmark judicial decisions, particularly those related to environmental protection and public accountability, while secondary sources comprise academic literature, government reports, and international institutional publications. A comparative framework is used to analyse global railway models, focusing on governance structures, privatization strategies, regulatory autonomy, safety mechanisms, digitalization, and sustainability policies, in order to identify regulatory gaps and propose context-specific reforms for Indian Railways. Results: The findings indicate that Indian Railways operates within an outdated and fragmented regulatory framework that limits operational autonomy, discourages private investment, and weakens safety and environmental enforcement. The absence of an independent regulator, politically influenced tariff-setting, financial imbalances caused by cross-subsidization, and slow adoption of advanced technologies undermine efficiency and service quality. Comparative analysis reveals that successful international railway systems rely on regulatory independence, transparent pricing, structured public–private partnerships, strong safety oversight, and legally binding sustainability mandates—elements that remain insufficiently developed or inconsistently implemented within the Indian railway system. Conclusions: The study concludes that meaningful transformation of Indian Railways requires comprehensive legal and regulatory reform grounded in global best practices and constitutional obligations. Establishing an independent railway regulator, strengthening public–private partnership frameworks, modernizing safety and digital governance, and embedding environmental sustainability within binding legal mandates are essential steps toward creating a future-ready railway system. By aligning regulatory modernization with international standards and India’s climate and development commitments, Indian Railways can evolve into a resilient, efficient, and sustainable transport network capable of supporting long-term economic growth and social connectivity.
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Palavras-chave
Modernization of Indian Railway Public Private Partnership Railway digitalization Railway Privatization Sociology and Political Science Public Administration Political Science and International Relations Law SDG 8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth SDG 13 - Climate Action