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Cultural heritage risk analysis models: An overview
Publication . Ramalhinho, Ana Rita; Macedo, Maria Filomena; DCR - Departamento de Conservação e Restauro; VICARTE - Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes; Forumul Inventatorilor Romani
The risk assessment is a critical step in achieving, defining and supporting the decision-making process. In this context, in the past two decades, an increase in the number of models for assessing/analysis of risks applied to collections and/or immobile cultural heritage was observed. The present work consists of the first review of the literature, from 1999 to 2016, on risk assessment applied to movable and immovable cultural heritage. A total of twenty-seven risk assessment models have been compiled that can be applied to different types of cultural heritage such as: immovable property (26%) and movable property (74%). It was possible to conclude that approximately 48% of the risk analysis models are quantitative, 19% are semi-quantitative and 33% of the models are qualitative. Two different tables were created in order to help the reader: one for movable and another to immovable cultural heritage. These tables compile information to characterize the models (name, type, applicability, examples, date and references). The advantages and disadvantages of using each model was discuss in a separated table.
Fungal stains on paper
Publication . Sequeira, Sílvia Oliveira; De Carvalho, Hugo Paiva; Mesquita, Nuno; Portugal, António; Macedo, Maria Filomena; DCR - Departamento de Conservação e Restauro; VICARTE - Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes; Associação Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal (ARP)
Mitigation of fungal biodeterioration on paper documents and artworks represents a challenge to conservators worldwide. Numerous lists of fungal species have been identified from paper collections, but are those species responsible for the respective biodeterioration phenomena or just environmental contaminants? The present work was aimed at obtaining an association between specific fungal stains and causative fungal species. 23 stains from three paper documents were sampled. Fungal structures observed in situ with optical and scanning electron microscopy were compared with the identification of isolates by molecular biology tools. Correlation between the observed fungal structures and the identified fungal isolates was achieved, varying from 13% to 64% of the samples within the three studied documents. Grey/black and dark brown stains were associated with Chaetomium globosum, C. murorum, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. commune, Myxotrichum deflexum and Stachybotrys chartarum. Eurotium rubrum was isolated from a foxing stain and Penicillium citrinum was identified on light orange stains.
The gourd-shaped vessel: a Portuguese product?
Publication . Coutinho, Inês; Medici, Teresa; Wiley, Robert Christopher; Alves, Luís C.; Gratuze, Bernard; Vilarigues, Márcia; DCR - Departamento de Conservação e Restauro; VICARTE - Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes; Corning Museum of Glass
Several glass assemblages excavated in Portugal and dated to the 17th century include a shape, derived from the traditional dried gourd bottle, that is uncommon elsewhere in Europe. Ten gourd-shaped bottles were selected from two archaeological assemblages (the monasteries of Santa Clara-a-Velha in Coimbra and Sao Joao de Tarouca) to be studied and chemically characterized by p-PIXE and LA-ICP-MS. The bright colors were analyzed by UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy to identify the metallic ions responsible for those colors, thus revealing potential insights into color intent. Considering the complexity of the shape, some reproductions were made, indicating that the original glassmakers exercised high levels of temperature control and fully understood the Venetian technique of half-molding. Very high contents of alumina were found in the glass, which may indicate that the gourds were produced in Portugal using local raw materials.
Treatment of paper biodeterioration by fungi: An NMR approach to the preservation of human history
Publication . Barrulas, Raquel Alexandra Valadares; Corvo, Marta
The main goal of this dissertation was to develop a new class of materials in order to provide an improved solution to clean fungal staining in paper. Initially a screening of favourable interactions between pigment model compounds and ionic liquids (ILs) was accessed through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) protocol. The most promising IL moieties were incorporated into polymer matrices. The final products were tested against contaminated paper samples.
The NMR approach allowed profiling the molecular interactions prevailing between ILs with cations such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BMIM]+), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMIM]+), 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ([BDMIM]+), 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BZMIM]+); and anions such as chloride, trifluoromethanesulfonate ([OTf]-), dicyanamide ([DCA]-) and tricyanomethanide (TCN]-), and model compounds (naphthalene, L-DOPA, veratrole, alizarin and quinizarin) with identification of the structural features in the IL pair responsible for the preferential interactions. The ILs [EMIM][TCN], [EMIM][OTf] and [EMIM][DCA] exhibited better interaction abilities with stronger interactions – hydrophobic and π-π stacking interactions. The monomers with cations [ETVIM]+ and [BVIM]+ as well as with anions [DCA]-, [OTf]-, bromide and [NTf2]- were synthetized and polymerized afterwards, with very high yields. Hydrogels derived from polymeric ILs (PILs) and agarose and/or PVP were obtained. The efficacy of the hydrogels obtained was tested on contaminated paper samples with A. niger, C. cladosporioides, P. chrysogenum and F. oxysporum. The most promising results were obtained with hydrogels with poly([ETVIM][DCA]) and poly([BVIM][OTf]) against P. chrysogenum and A. niger, respectively.
Fungi in archives, libraries, and museums: a review on paper conservation and human health
Publication . Pinheiro, Ana Catarina; Sequeira, Sílvia Oliveira; Macedo, Maria Filomena; DCR - Departamento de Conservação e Restauro; VICARTE - Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes; Taylor & Francis (Routledge): SSH Titles / Taylor & Francis (Routledge)
The action of fungi on books, documents, maps, and works of art on paper can result in inestimable cultural losses. Plus, some of the fungi present in paper documents, surfaces and air from archives, libraries and museums are also a threat to human health. This work aims to review the literature on the most important and frequent microfungal populations found in paper-based collections all over the world, and correlate these data with human health risks. A total of 71 studies, dating between 1997 and 2018 were reviewed and organized. From 27 different countries, 207 fungal genera and 580 species were reported. Chaetomium sp. and Fusarium sp. were found to be special contaminants in the air of archives and have been associated with paper biodeterioration. The most common fungi reported (e.g. Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria species) have an impact on paper conservation but can also cause adverse human health effects. The most frequent fungal species retrieved from discoloured paper materials are discussed in greater detail. Considerations on methods of identification and quantification of fungal contamination are also presented. Finally, the authors acknowledge an urgent need for standardizing research in this area and further studies are proposed.
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Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Programa de financiamento
5876
Número da atribuição
UID/EAT/00729/2013