FCSH: IFILNOVA - Artigos em revista internacional com arbitragem científica
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- The Morality of Carbon Offsetting for Luxury EmissionsPublication . Broadhead, Stearns; Placani, Adriana; Instituto de Filosofia da NOVA (IFILNOVA)Carbon offsetting remains contentious within, at least, philosophy. By posing and then answering a general question about an aspect of the morality of carbon offsetting—Does carbon offsetting make luxury emissions morally permissible?—this essay helps to lessen some of the topic’s contentiousness. Its central question is answered by arguing and defending the view that carbon offsetting makes luxury emissions morally permissible by counteracting potential harm. This essay then shows how this argument links to and offers a common starting point for further examination of offsetting across various disciplines and domains, such as policy and other branches of philosophy like the ethics of risk.
- Joseph Raz's Service Conception and the Limits of KnowabilityPublication . Placani, Adriana; Instituto de Filosofia da NOVA (IFILNOVA); Blackwell Publishing LtdThis essay criticizes Joseph Raz’s service conception of authority on the basis of its knowability condition. The condition states that for agents to be justified in following authoritative directives, they must be able to know (i.e., form reliable beliefs) that the authority issuing the directives is in fact legitimate. Three grounds for concern are identified. The first is that the satisfaction of the normal justification thesis (NJT), which states that the legitimacy of authorities hinges on whether their directives enable subjects to better conform to reason, only provides agents with reasons to believe that it is justified to act as if an authority were legitimate (i.e., on the assumption that it is). Based on the belief/acceptance distinction, the NJT allows for a gap between what is actually the case and what agents are willing to go along with in order to improve the likelihood of conforming to right reason. The independence condition (IC), which states that for those matters where the NJT obtains it must be better for a subject to improve such conformity than to decide for herself, must be satisfied in conjunction with the NJT, but suffers from its own particular problems. Thus, the second problem identified is that of incommensurable values, which appears when agents are not able to decide between the value of improving right reason—NJT—and the value of deciding for themselves—IC. Finally, the third problem is that of vagueness about right reason, where agents attempting to determine whether an authority meets the two conditions are not able to settle whether reason is improved. Together, these three problem areas of knowability serve to challenge Raz’s position.
- The Debasing DemonPublication . Tana, Guido; Instituto de Filosofia da NOVA (IFILNOVA)Lo scetticismo è sia un problema storico che fondazionale in epistemologia. Jonathan Schaffer (2010) ha fornito una nuova espressione della sua minaccia contro la conoscenza. Il Demone Destabilizzatore sembra generare una forma inedita di dubbio radicale, tale da avere acquisito una rilevanza prominente nei dibattiti recenti. Invece di avere come suo bersaglio la connessione tra credenza e verità, il Demone Destabilizzatore invalida la relazione tra credenza ed evidenza (o ragioni). Questo contributo presenta il Problema del Demone Destabilizzatore, analizzandone la portata. L’obiettivo è fornire una spiegazione plausibile di come si manifesti questa minaccia, esplorare il suo rapporto con le forme classiche di scetticismo e valutare alcune delle principali obiezioni contro di essa. L’articolo difende l’idea che il Demone di Schaffer rappresenti una minaccia epistemica coerente, che potrebbe costituire la principale forma di scetticismo da affrontare in epistemologia. A tal fine, l’articolo suggerisce alcune conseguenze di questa analisi per meglio comprendere come affrontare questo problema aperto. Skepticism is both a historical and foundational problem in epistemology. Jonathan Schaffer (2010) has provided a new expression of its threat. The Debasing Demon appears to generate a novel form of radical doubt, one that has gained prominence in recent debates. Instead of targeting the connection between belief and truth, it undercuts the link between belief and evidence (or its reasons). This contribution presents the Debasing Demon Problem, analyzing its reach. It will provide an account for explaining how its threat is raised, explore its relationship to classical varieties of skepticism, and assess some of the main objections against it. It will be argued that Schaffer’s Demon institutes a consistent epistemic threat, one that might represent the main variety of skepticism to be tackled in epistemology. Some consequences of this analysis are then presented concerning how to face this open problem.
- Dogmatism and Easy KnowledgePublication . Tana, Guido; Instituto de Filosofia da NOVA (IFILNOVA)This paper analyzes and objects to the anti-skeptical strategy endorsed by Epistemological Dogmatism. Dogmatism is a theory of epistemic justification that holds perceptual warrant for our beliefs is immediate, based on experiential seemings. Crucially, it rejects requests for higher-order justification or active defense of the justification one's beliefs enjoy. This allows Dogmatism to endorse a neo-Moorean anti-skeptical strategy. In order to investigate the main element of this strategy, the problem of easy knowledge is introduced. The dogmatic answer to easy knowledge consists in rejecting the skeptical dialectic, labeling skepticism as a disease that should not be engaged with from the start. Countering this strategy via appeal to skeptical or non-dogmatic intuitions would either beg the question against Dogmatism or have little possibility of adjudicating the disagreement. Therefore, a different route is pursued. The Dogmatic point concerning immediate perceptual warrant is provisionally accepted and tested to determine whether it leads to a tenable position. It is argued that adopting the dogmatic standpoint generates a series of problems that cannot be handled without Dogmatism undergoing a significant revision. This revision shows that, far from being able to reject the skeptical dialectic entirely, Dogmatism must necessarily engage with the skeptical Problem of the Criterion.
- More Zombies than ZombiesPublication . Grosoli, Marco; Instituto de Filosofia da NOVA (IFILNOVA)Le implicazioni etico-politiche dell’immaginario relativo agli zombi sono state spesso studiate in relazione alla pulsione di morte freudiana. Catherine Malabou ha sostenuto che quei soggetti la cui memoria e personalità è stata cancellata da un trauma neurologico (e che lei chiama “i nuovi feriti della mente” nel suo libro omonimo) incarnano la pulsione di morte al di là di Freud e al di là della psicanalisi stessa. Coloro la cui personalità è stata ridotta a una tabula rasa indifferente e priva di emozioni sono come gli zombie ma non sono nulla di immaginario: sono reali e passibili di diagnosi clinica. Diventando “la forma stessa della loro morte”, afferma Malabou, i nuovi feriti incarnano ciò che c’è di più essenziale nella soggettività umana (la sua fragilità e contingenza) conservando altresì le implicazioni socio-politiche che vengono solitamente associate agli zombie. Il mio saggio userà il framework filosofico-neurologico di Malabou per analizzare Cerrar los ojos (Victor Erice, 2023), film che non è un film di zombie ma che con quel genere condivide un buon numero di aspetti-chiave
- Wrapping Up “Through the Eyes of Those Who Are No Longer”Publication . Grosoli, Marco; Instituto de Filosofia da NOVA (IFILNOVA); MDPI - Open Access PublishingThe first film signed by Paolo Taviani without his brother Vittorio (who died in 2018) in more than 60 years, Leonora addio (2022) recapitulates and condenses an entire career by recounting the grotesque (real-life) journey of the burial, cremation, exhumation, transfer (from Rome to Sicily) and re-burial of Luigi Pirandello’s corpse over more than ten years, as well as by showing in the last thirty minutes an adaptation for the screen of “The Nail” (“Il chiodo”, the last novella by the renowned Sicilian writer). A quintessential testament film refracting the writer’s death in Vittorio’s (one of the film’s many Pirandello-esque mirror games) and alluding to the intellectual legacies of either, Leonora addio daringly thematizes the exploitation of cultural value as well as its political implications—particularly in the specific Italian context and, implicitly yet unmistakably, in the present day too. My paper will analyse Leonora addio paying particular attention to how this subtext intersects the film’s “testamentary” surface, to Deleuze’s “crystal images” (pervasively informing the structure of Leonora addio), to the film’s many nods to Kaos (a 1984 Pirandello adaptation for the screen by the Taviani, analysed mainly through the lens of Lacanian gaze theory) and to the role of death in both films.
- The epistemic dangers of journalistic balancePublication . Terzian, Giulia; Instituto de Filosofia da NOVA (IFILNOVA); Cambridge University PressThe newsroom routine prescribing that public interest disagreements be covered in a balanced fashion is a cornerstone of informative journalism, particularly in the Anglo-American world. Balanced reporting has been frequently criticised by journalism and communication scholars on multiple grounds; most notoriously, for its tendency to devolve into false balance, whereby a viewpoint conflict is improperly portrayed as a dispute between epistemic equals. Moreover, a widely shared intuition is that peddlers of false balance are deserving of blame. This seems right; if the charge is to stick, however, we need a more detailed understanding of exactly why falsely balanced journalism is so problematic. This article fills some of these gaps by drawing on discussions in argumentation theory, to reconstruct the kind of inferential pattern set off by balanced reporting; social epistemology, to examine the kind of evidence produced by tokens of this format; and theories of pragmatic enrichment, to identify the mechanisms leading recipients to unwarranted conclusions about the reported topic.
- The Political AsleepPublication . Grosoli, Marco; Instituto de Filosofia da NOVA (IFILNOVA); University of Bologna
- Age-group representation as responsivenessPublication . Campos, Andre Santos; Instituto de Filosofia da NOVA (IFILNOVA); Taylor & FrancisPolitical scientists often regard responsiveness as a measure of democratic representation. However, responsiveness is particularly difficult with regard to the young. Populations are ageing quickly, old-age dependency ratios are increasing, the young vote less than other age groups, and younger citizens feel they have no political clout. This paper proposes a series of instruments designed to justify the increased consideration of younger citizens’ interests in a manner consistent with the standard view of representation as responsiveness. It is divided into three sections. The first describes the current taxonomy of responsiveness, which differs depending on the agents, objects and viewpoints. A broader notion of responsiveness implies that it is multidimensional and that responsiveness in one dimension does not necessarily entail responsiveness in other dimensions. Despite this context, the young seem to have a representation deficit in all known dimensions of responsiveness. The second section challenges the very framework of political representation as it is tied to responsiveness, drawing on the recent constructivist trend in political representation. This section shows that criticisms of responsiveness prove insufficient to dismiss its importance from democratic forms of representation. The third section proposes three reforms that are likely to increase responsiveness on different dimensions based on age: the establishment of temporal electoral circles, the creation of mandatory youth-focused measurement indexes, and a normative strategy for promoting age-group responsiveness, consisting of attentiveness by representatives of the represented’s time-related objective interests.
- Techno-natalismPublication . Willy, Craig James; Nobre Faria, Filipe; Instituto de Filosofia da NOVA (IFILNOVA); Cambridge University PressPopulation is a key factor of national power. Declining fertility rates, especially in major economies, are reshaping global power dynamics by shrinking workforces amidst aging populations. In response, more nations are adopting techno-natalist policies, promoting reproductive technologies (“reprotech”) like IVF to increase birth rates. Advances in genetic embryo selection, gene editing, in vitro gametogenesis, and artificial wombs could further enhance these policies by improving birth rates, health, and human capital. This article examines current and emerging reprotechnologies, the policy landscape, socioeconomic and geopolitical implications, and future research directions. By shaping national and global gene pools, reprotech policies and practices offer a paradigmatic case of gene–culture coevolution. If these technologies prove safe and effective, nations that embrace them are likely to gain geopolitical and evolutionary advantages over those that do not.