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- Gemeinschaft in the midst of Gesellschaft? Love as an organizational virtuePublication . Cunha, Miguel Pina e; Clegg, Stewart; Costa, Cláudia; Leite, António Pinto; Rego, Arménio; Simpson, Ace Volkmann; Sousa, Marta Oom de; Sousa, Milton; NOVA School of Business and Economics (NOVA SBE); Taylor & FrancisLove is a powerful human process that has attracted the attention of scholars within the cultural and scientific domains. Thus far, the majority of management scholars have tended to neglect love as a relevant topic of theorizing and research. Given the recent interest in the phenomenon in allied fields such as sociology and psychology, this is surprising. We create, inductively, an archetypical image of how managers make sense of the meaning of love as an organizational phenomenon by means of a sample of Christian managers. The findings indicate that such managers associate love with two core dimensions. First, they describe love as an expression of virtue. Second, they link love with a sense of community-ship. Organizational love can thus be theorized as the exercise of constructing virtuous, other-oriented human communities that transcend the productive functions of work and respond to important human needs, fulfilling normative performativity.
- How power affects peoplePublication . Guinote, Ana; NOVA School of Business and Economics (NOVA SBE); Annual ReviewsSociocognitive research has demonstrated that power affects how people feel, think, and act. In this article, I review literature from social psychology, neuroscience, management, and animal research and propose an integrated framework of power as an intensifier of goal-related approach motivation. A growing literature shows that power energizes thought, speech, and action and orients individuals toward salient goals linked to power roles, predispositions, tasks, and opportunities. Power magnifies self-expression linked to active parts of the self (the active self), enhancing confidence, self-regulation, and prioritization of efforts toward advancing focal goals. The effects of power on cognitive processes, goal preferences, performance, and corruption are discussed, and its potentially detrimental effects on social attention, perspective taking, and objectification of subordinates are examined. Several inconsistencies in the literature are explained by viewing power holders as more flexible and dynamic than is usually assumed.
- Estimating work-related indirect costs in allergic rhinitis and asthma using a daily combined symptom-medication scorePublication . Vieira, Rafael José; di Bona, Danilo; Bognanni, Antonio; Martini, Matteo; Ordak, Michal; Paoletti, Giovanni; Canonica, G. Walter; Giovannini, Mattia; Haahtela, Tari; Larenas-Linnemann, Desirée E.; Nogueira-Leite, Diogo; Pfaar, Oliver; Williams, Sian; Pereira, Ana Margarida; Klimek, Ludger; Shamji, Mohamed H.; Torres, Maria Jose; Fonseca, João A.; Zuberbier, Torsten; Bousquet, Jean; Sousa-Pinto, Bernardo; NOVA School of Business and Economics (NOVA SBE); ElsevierBackground: Allergic rhinitis and asthma can impair work productivity. Objective: To validate a daily work productivity visual analogue scale (VAS work), comparing it with the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire plus Classroom Impairment Questions: Allergy Specific (WPAI+CIQ:AS) and also to quantify how allergy control relates to work impairment and indirect costs. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the MASK-air app. Patients recorded daily VAS and weekly WPAI+CIQ:AS responses. We calculated correlations between VAS work and WPAI+CIQ:AS outcomes. Mixed-effects regression models assessed associations between disease control, measured by the Combined Symptom-Medication Score (CSMS) and the electronic daily asthma control score (e-DASTHMA), and VAS work. Indirect costs were estimated using the human capital approach, applying VAS-based productivity losses to country-specific wage distributions. Results: VAS work correlated strongly with the WPAI+CIQ:AS, with Spearman coefficients 0.70 or higher for total work impairment and presenteeism. Each 1-point increase in CSMS and e-DASTHMA was associated with mean 0.97- and 0.79-point increases in VAS work, respectively. On poorly controlled days, the estimated daily indirect cost based on CSMS ranged from US $12.50 purchasing power parities (PPP) (P25-P75, 5.60-26.70) in Brazil to US $129.90 PPP (P25-P75, 80.40-199.40) in Iceland. Based on e-DASTHMA, daily estimates ranged from US $9.30 PPP (P25-P75, 3.70-21.50) in Brazil to US $101.90 PPP (P25-P75, 51.20-172.40) in Iceland. Conclusions: VAS work is a valid simple daily measure of work impairment due to rhinitis and asthma. CSMS and e-DASTHMA can be used to estimate productivity losses attributable to poor disease control.
- When the target may know betterPublication . Cuypers, Ilya R P; Cuypers, Youtha; Martin, Xavier; NOVA School of Business and Economics (NOVA SBE); John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Research summary: Extending research on the effect of experience on acquisition outcomes, we examine how the differential in previous M&A experience between the target and the acquirer affects the value they, respectively, obtain when the acquirer takes over the target. Drawing on literature about organizational learning, negotiation, and information economics, we theorize that the party with greater experience will be able to obtain more value. Furthermore, we theorize that the effect of differential M&A experience on value obtained is contingent on the level of information asymmetry the acquirer faces with respect to the target, specifically as a function of the target's product-market scope and whether the deal is friendly. We test and find support for these predictions in a sample of 1,241 M&As over a 30-year period. Managerial summary: Corporate strategy is about a firm's scope and development decisions and outcomes, but corporate strategizing is incomplete unless managers anticipate the moves of other economic actors. We demonstrate the importance of these points when it comes to learning to make acquisitions. Using an innovative research design and theory that enables comparison between acquirer and target gains, we show that whatever their firm's acquisition history and capabilities, acquisitive managers should mind the negotiation and other pitfalls that arise when target firms possess ample acquisition experience of their own. We also demonstrate that the effect of experience advantage, whereby the more experienced party benefits, depends on the target firm's scope and whether the deal is friendly-two dimensions that acquirers can and should take into account.
- Mission impossible?Publication . Cunha, Miguel Pina e; Giustiniano, Luca; Rego, Arménio; Clegg, Stewart; NOVA School of Business and Economics (NOVA SBE); SAGE PublicationsStretch goal setting is a process involving multiple and nested paradoxes. The paradoxical side of stretch is attractive because it holds great promise yet dangerous because it triggers processes that are hard to control. Paradoxes are not readily managed by assuming a linear relation between the here and now and the intended future perfect. Before adopting stretch goal setting, managers should thus be prepared for the tensions and contradictions created by nested or interwoven paradoxes. Achieving stretch goals can be as difficult for the managers seeking to direct the process as for designated delegates. While the increasing popularity of stretch goal setting is understandable, its unexpected consequences must be taken into account. The inadequate use of stretch goals can jeopardize the social sustainability of organizations as well as their societal support systems.
- A signaling-based theory of contractual commitment to relationshipsPublication . Vasconcelos, Luís; NOVA School of Business and Economics (NOVA SBE); Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.In this paper I present signaling as an explanation for how and why parties commit to relationships when they initially contract about the terms of those relationships. Two forms of contractual commitment to a relationship are considered: a promise to trade in the future (contracted quantity); and a promise not to trade with anyone else (contracted exclusivity). A party is said to commit more to a relationship if it commits initially to trade a higher quantity and/or to a higher level of exclusivity. I characterize equilibrium contracts and therefore commitment. Both the ability to signal information through an exclusivity commitment and whether the informed party commits more to the relationship when the relationship is more likely to succeed depend on the source of the asymmetry of information.
- Forgiving is good for health and performancePublication . Costa, Sandra Pereira; Neves, Pedro; NOVA School of Business and Economics (NOVA SBE); ElsevierThe negative impact of the psychological contract breach on outcomes has received growing attention from researchers. However, there is a lack of studies about the potential individual resources that may help employees to cope with such breaches of the psychological contract, minimizing its negative effects. Drawing on the job demands-resources model, we examined psychological contract breach (time 1) as a job stressor and its direct impact on emotional exhaustion and carry over effects for in-role performance and organizational citizenship behaviors (time 2). Based on the conservation resources theory, we tested the moderating role of forgiveness and revenge cognitions as personal resources that allow individuals to cope with stressful situations. Using a sample of 220 employees and their supervisors, our results suggest that forgiveness cognitions moderated the relationship between the psychological contract breach and emotional exhaustion, while the effect of revenge cognition was non-significant These findings highlight the role of breach as an important stressor and its negative effects for health and performance, as well as the buffering effect of forgiveness cognitions.
- Unit root tests and heavy-tailed innovationsPublication . Georgiev, Iliyan; Rodrigues, Paulo M.M.; Robert Taylor, A. M.; NOVA School of Business and Economics (NOVA SBE); BLACKWELL PUBL LTDWe evaluate the impact of heavy-tailed innovations on some popular unit root tests. In the context of a near-integrated series driven by linear process shocks, we demonstrate that their limiting distributions are altered under infinite variance vis-à-vis finite variance. Reassuringly, however, simulation results suggest that the impact of heavy-tailed innovations on these tests is relatively small. We use the framework of Amsler and Schmidt () whereby the innovations have local-to-finite variances being generated as a linear combination of draws from a thin-tailed distribution (in the domain of attraction of the Gaussian distribution) and a heavy-tailed distribution (in the normal domain of attraction of a stable law). We also explore the properties of augmented Dickey-Fuller tests that employ Eicker-White standard errors, demonstrating that these can yield significant power improvements over conventional tests.
- Unions and collective bargaining in the wake of the Great RecessionPublication . Addison, John T.; Portugal, Pedro; Vilares, Hugo; NOVA School of Business and Economics (NOVA SBE); Wiley-BlackwellAgainst the backdrop of its industrial relations architecture, characteristic of the 'southern European group' and intimately linked to the recommendations of the Troika, this paper examines four key aspects of Portuguese collective bargaining. First, it provides definitive estimates of private sector union density for that nation. Second, it models the determinants of union density at firm level. Third, it yields estimates of the union wage gap for different ranges of union density. The final issue examined is contract coverage. The received notion that the pronounced reduction in the number of industry-wide agreements and extension ordinances of late is to be equated with a fall in coverage is shown to be a chimera, the number of workers covered by new and existing agreements remaining largely unaffected by the economic crisis. The reduced frequency of new agreements and extensions is instead attributed to downward nominal wage rigidity in low-inflation regimes.
- Doing many things at a timePublication . Cai, Ran Alice; Guinote, Ana; NOVA School of Business and Economics (NOVA SBE); Wiley-BlackwellThree studies investigated the effects of power on the ability to pursue multiple, concomitant goals, also known as multitasking. It was predicted that powerless participants will show lower multitasking ability than control and powerful participants. Study 1 focused on self-reported ability to multitask in a sample of executives and subordinate employees. Studies 2 and 3 investigated the ability to dual-task and to switch between tasks, respectively, using dual-task and task-switching paradigms. Across the studies, powerless individuals were less able to effectively multitask compared with control and powerful participants, suggesting that the detrimental effects of lack of power extend beyond single-task environments, shown in past research, into multitasking environments. Underlying mechanisms are discussed.