FCSH: IPRI - Capítulos de livros internacionais
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- The welfare statePublication . Branco, Rui; Silva, Pedro Adão E.; Departamento de Estudos Políticos (DEPo); Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais (IPRI)This chapter studies the transformation of Portuguese social policies in the early decades of the 21st century under the European linkage. We find variation in policy direction, intensity, and scope over time. Since joining the EMU Portugal benefited from favourable financing conditions to reform social policies. There was a catch-up recovery in volume, coverage, and composition of expenditure. The universalization of the coverage of old social risks was followed by a two-fold European-backed recalibration: cost containment in the largest expenditure items, pensions and healthcare; expansion to new social risks through non-contributory benefits and services, in addition to gender and work/life balance policies, though still far from the European average. The sovereign debt crisis brought a more intrusive external constraint in furtherance of a clear policy direction: internal devaluation seeking to boost exports by relying on cost-competition. The adjustment programme triggered a sharp decline in public expenditure, liberalizing the labour market and retrenching social protection according to a logic of subtractive recalibration, without ever combatting the intertwined dualisms in labour market and social protection. Overall, years of convergence with social Europe were stopped. In the aftermath of the crisis, a social turn in European governance offered expanded resources to the minority socialist government supported by radical left parties to reverse Troika-era cuts and labour market reforms and renew the focus on new social risks and outsider strata, always within the confines of European budgetary rules.
- Lecture 6Publication . Fonseca, Carmen; Departamento de Estudos Políticos (DEPo); Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais (IPRI)
- The Portuguese foreign policy towards Latin AmericaPublication . Fonseca, Carmen; Departamento de Estudos Políticos (DEPo); Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais (IPRI)
- Anatomies of protest and the trajectories of the actors at playPublication . Dias, Alexandra M.; Yetena, Yared Debebe; Departamento de Estudos Políticos (DEPo); Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais (IPRI)This study analyses the dynamics of mass protests in Ethiopia between 2015 and 2018 through the lenses of the political opportunity structure theory. It focuses on youth movements - Qeerroo in Oromia and Fano in Amhara - which despite their distinct trajectories and geographic origins came together at a key juncture to support both common (e.g. democracy, human rights) and competing aims (fuelled by ethnic grievances). Building on qualitative material collected during field work (semi-structured interviews, newspapers, and reports), this chapter shows how protesters took advantage of three opportunities arising in the political context, to engage in effective collective action: The leadership vacuum and intra-party fighting that followed the death of Meles Zenawi, the alliance between Qeerroo and Fano groups, and the access to internet and digital activism. However, the brutal state repression, ultimately explains the (limited) outcome of the protests. Indeed, while the protests started by triggering a transformation in politics, the initial reformist momentum eventually derailed as a new spiral of violence escalated, and past authoritarian practices gained ground. This study contributes to wider debates on the emergence and impact of protest in post-conflict authoritarian settings.
- GermanyPublication . Daehnhardt, Patrícia; Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais (IPRI)In November 2021, Olaf Scholz became Germany’s new Chancellor, having promised continuity with Angela Merkel’s policies upon his election. On key issues of European policy, the coalition treaty pledged to maintain the Single Market and the unity of the Union, returning to stricter EU budget rules in 2023 (after their suspension during the Covid-19 pandemic), and uphold its commitment to the rule-of-law mechanism against countries violating EU law.
- Reinventing the Radical Right?Publication . Lisi, Marco; Marchi, Riccardo; Departamento de Estudos Políticos (DEPo); Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais (IPRI)
- Dreta radical reinventada?Publication . Marchi, Riccardo; Lisi, Marco; Departamento de Estudos Políticos (DEPo); Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais (IPRI)
- 'Cannon Law' during the Politique des RéunionsPublication . Múgica, Fernando Chavarría; Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais (IPRI)The so-called time of the politique des réunions is considered a momentous period in the long reign of Louis XIV. It marked the apparently unstoppable rise of France to European hegemony, but also its fall into hubris. The story is well known. In 1679 the Peace of Nijmegen had put an end to the Franco-Dutch War, but Louis XIV did not feel satisfied with the outcome of the negotiations. Thus after the signing of the treaty he took advantage of his superior power to proceed to the annexation (réunion) of certain territories on the northern and eastern borders of his kingdom. In order to give an appearance of legitimacy to what basically were acts of arbitrary aggression in peacetime, he established a number of special courts (chambres de réunion) with the only purpose of fabricating legal justifications for the occupations. This display of force ended up alienating most European powers. The result was the complete diplomatic isolation of France. The Nine Years War, also known as the War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697), made the Sun King return to a more prudent foreign policy. In this sense, the politique des réunions marked the peak of his power but also his limit. It is no coincidence if researchers have dedicated much more time to its condemnation (or justification) than to the study of its real historical implications. In this paper I will try to give some insight into the disturbing implications that this form of power politics had not only for border affairs but also more generally for the rule of ius gentium. My paper however will not focus on the northern or eastern borders where the chambres de réunion were formally established. Instead, my attention turns to the southwest, particularly to the French-Spanish border in the Basque-speaking Bidasoa River region situated between the Gulf of Biscay and the western Pyrenees. Unlike Flanders, Alsace or the Franche-Comté, the Bidasoa was far from being a strategic priority for Louis XIV. In fact, military activity in the region was consistently low during the whole period.In spite of this, during the 1680s the Bidasoa suffered the brutal consequences of French power politics just like other strategic border regions. Far from being considered a minor question, it was the object of intense and persistent attention by Louis XIV's foreign service. My research makes evident that the politique des réunions was not directed uniquely to highly strategic positions, and consequently it was not motivated by defensive concerns only. Furthermore, it shows that the brutal methods applied in the north and the east were actually common practice all along the French borders, implying a coordinated effort from the court. Finally, I hope to demonstrate that even if every aggression was justified by opportunistic ad hoc arguments, French power politics were informed by a more general political doctrine that intended to legitimate the sovereign’s arbitrary use of force. The result was the debasing of both the rule of border customary law and ius gentium in general, including traditional ways of settling disputes between border communities.
- What we know that we don't knowPublication . Rodrigues, Teresa; Departamento de Estudos Políticos (DEPo); Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais (IPRI)
- Prevenção do VIH/SIDA e trabalhadores do sexo imigrantesPublication . Maia, Marta; Rodrigues, Camila; Peres, Ana Rita; Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais (IPRI)