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A cunha (acção de favorecimento) como conduta social: as figuras que as pessoas fazem
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A tese escrutina a cunha, como conduta social reconhecida na sociedade portuguesa, a partir de juízos produzidos por atores qualificados em relação a ações do favorecimento – ações essas ligadas a ocorrências intrigantes. Em segundo lugar, a tese coteja as composições de juízos atuantes produzidos face à cunha por atores sociais com acesso ao espaço público, com vivência de experiências controversas, juízos esses por vezes entremeados por equívocos e por inquietações, e respetivas justificações em que se alicerçam, para reunir à sua volta um sem número de operações críticas – umas de apoio, outras de oposição. A tese descreve como esses atores compõem a forma de qualificação e desqualificação da cunha, o que acrescentam e o que reduzem em termos de instrumentos, normas, costumes e objetos técnicos; incluindo a observação de tais dispositivos como instrumentos de governação e/ou de “cuidado de si” baseados em crenças fundadas em aspirações e expectativas sobre as consequências das ações, neste caso, de favorecimento – incluindo crenças fundadas nas experiências situadas sobre os efeitos das cunhas; e, nestas experiências, analisar o acordo na implementação do comum no plural, através de expressões comuns (clichés). A tese propõe uma forma para a cunha, tal como é reconhecida socialmente, a partir dos elementos da oficiosidade, da funcionalidade, da relacionalidade, da reciprocidade e do prejuízo de um bem comum. A tese propõe ainda que os julgamentos conducentes a um compromisso revelam a capacidade dos indivíduos em mobilizar elementos de prova entre os vários mundos (Cités), criticamente, tendo como referência um bem comum, reconhecível, atribuindo diferentes intensidades a cada grandeza e assim compondo juízos. Nas composições que resultam em compromissos, os atores aumentam a resistência à crítica, por se apoiarem numa nova configuração, situada. Estes compromissos podem gerar mais tolerância e admissibilidade, como resultado de operações de re-significação e de reformatação da cunha, tal como é reconhecida socialmente, e tal como apresentada em situação. Tais composições de compromissos re-significantes da ação controversa são apresentadas como indicador da pluralidade das ações do favorecimento. Observa-se como os sujeitos, perante situações de pessoas vulnerável, que conhecem, reformatam a situação e abandonam a categoria da cunha, mobilizando uma gramática da escolha entre opções ultra-consequentes, deslizando para um regime de envolvimento altruísta. Por fim, a tese observa como um certo contorcionismo e plasticidade dos atores no seu envolvimento nas ações do favorecimento é revelador de uma capacidade de apreciação e de crítica das ações, incluindo a sua revisão, reformatação e ajustamento, bem como aprendizagem em situação, fazendo e refazendo figuras em cada situação. Essas operações de passagem revelam as figuras que as pessoas fazem, em multiverso, perante as ações do favorecimento.
The thesis scrutinizes "cunha" (small favour operating in petty corruption and pull-stringing), as a social conduct recognized in Portuguese society, based on judgments produced by qualified actors in relation to actions of favouring – such actions being linked to intriguing occurrences. Secondly, the thesis contrasts the compositions of acting judgments produced by social actors with access to the public space, with living experiences of controversies, being such judgments sometimes interspersed with misunderstandings and anxieties, and the respective justifications on which they base themselves to gather around an uncountable number of critical operations - one of support, some of opposition. The thesis describes how these actors compose the form of qualification and disqualification of the "cunha", what they add and what they reduce in terms of instruments, norms, customs and technical objects; including an observation of such devices as governance and / or "self-care" tools based on beliefs rooted in aspirations and expectations about the consequences of the actions of favouring - including beliefs based on experience with the effects of the "cunha"; and, within these experiments, analyse the agreement for making commonality in the plural, through common expressions (clichés). The thesis proposes a format for "cunha", as it is socially recognized, through the elements of informality, functionality, relationality, reciprocity, and prejudice of a common good. The thesis proposes that judgments leading to a compromise reveal the ability of individuals to mobilize proof among various "worlds" (Cités), critically, having as reference a recognizable common good, attributing different intensity to each order of worth and thus composing judgments. When such compositions result in compromise, the actors increase their resistance to criticism by relying on a new and situated setting. These compromises may generate more tolerance and admissibility, as a result of re-signifying and reformatting "cunha", as it is socially recognized, and as presented in a situation. Such compositions of re-signifying compromises in face of a controversial action are presented as an indicator of the plurality of actions of favouring. It is observed how subjects, when confronted with situations of vulnerable persons, who they know, reformat the situation and abandon the category of "cunha", mobilizing a grammar of choice between ultra-consequent options, sliding into an altruistic regime of engagement. Finally, the thesis observes how a certain contortionism and plasticity of the actors when engaging in actions of favouring is revealing of their capacity of appreciating and criticizing the actions, including through its revision, reformatting and adjustment, as well as learning in situ, making and remaking personae in each situation. Such operations of transition reveal the personae that people make, in multiverse, towards the actions of favour.
The thesis scrutinizes "cunha" (small favour operating in petty corruption and pull-stringing), as a social conduct recognized in Portuguese society, based on judgments produced by qualified actors in relation to actions of favouring – such actions being linked to intriguing occurrences. Secondly, the thesis contrasts the compositions of acting judgments produced by social actors with access to the public space, with living experiences of controversies, being such judgments sometimes interspersed with misunderstandings and anxieties, and the respective justifications on which they base themselves to gather around an uncountable number of critical operations - one of support, some of opposition. The thesis describes how these actors compose the form of qualification and disqualification of the "cunha", what they add and what they reduce in terms of instruments, norms, customs and technical objects; including an observation of such devices as governance and / or "self-care" tools based on beliefs rooted in aspirations and expectations about the consequences of the actions of favouring - including beliefs based on experience with the effects of the "cunha"; and, within these experiments, analyse the agreement for making commonality in the plural, through common expressions (clichés). The thesis proposes a format for "cunha", as it is socially recognized, through the elements of informality, functionality, relationality, reciprocity, and prejudice of a common good. The thesis proposes that judgments leading to a compromise reveal the ability of individuals to mobilize proof among various "worlds" (Cités), critically, having as reference a recognizable common good, attributing different intensity to each order of worth and thus composing judgments. When such compositions result in compromise, the actors increase their resistance to criticism by relying on a new and situated setting. These compromises may generate more tolerance and admissibility, as a result of re-signifying and reformatting "cunha", as it is socially recognized, and as presented in a situation. Such compositions of re-signifying compromises in face of a controversial action are presented as an indicator of the plurality of actions of favouring. It is observed how subjects, when confronted with situations of vulnerable persons, who they know, reformat the situation and abandon the category of "cunha", mobilizing a grammar of choice between ultra-consequent options, sliding into an altruistic regime of engagement. Finally, the thesis observes how a certain contortionism and plasticity of the actors when engaging in actions of favouring is revealing of their capacity of appreciating and criticizing the actions, including through its revision, reformatting and adjustment, as well as learning in situ, making and remaking personae in each situation. Such operations of transition reveal the personae that people make, in multiverse, towards the actions of favour.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Cunha Ações do favorecimento, Corrupção justificação Oficiosidade Funcionalidade Relacionalidade Reciprocidade Regimes de envolvimento Regime de envolvimento altruísta Multiverso das ações do favorecimento actions of favouring, Small favour Petty corruption Pull-stringing Justification informality, Functionality Relationality Reciprocity Regimes of engagement Regime of altruistic engagement Multiverse of the actions of favouring