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Mudando de lado - de Jornalista a assessor de imprensa governamental (2002-2011)
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A maior percentagem dos jornalistas que mudaram de lado e foram trabalhar como assessores de imprensa do governo português, continuou ligada ao Estado ou ao poder político após deixar o trabalho governamental. Esta é a conclusão desta tese, que analisou o percurso profissional dos profissionais da informação que foram ser assessores do governo português entre entre 6 de abril de 2002 e 12 de junho de 2011 – abarcando dois governos PSD-CDS e dois governos PS, ou seja, o conjunto dos partidos que desde 1975 ocuparam o poder em Portugal.
A investigação dividiu os destinos profissionais em quatro tipologias: além dos que ficaram na órbita do Estado, organismos dependentes do Estado e dos partidos políticos (33,3%), um segundo grupo voltou ao jornalismo (28,7%), o terceiro é o dos que foram para a comunicação empresarial (19,5%) e 18,4% retiraram-se do campo da comunicação. No período analisado, entre os 129 assessores de imprensa que foram nomeados para os governos – dois encabeçados pelo PS e dois dirigidos por coligações entre o PSD e o CDS – 64,3% dos assessores vieram do jornalismo e, desses, 51,8% eram mulheres. O número dos que tinham cursos superiores chegou a 66,3% dos jornalistas e, no que toca à experiência profissional, o maior grupo era o que tinha entre 5 e 9 anos de trabalho (36%), seguido dos que tinham 15 ou mais anos de trabalho (28%). Um terceiro grupo tinha entre 10 e 14 anos como jornalistas (24%) e apenas 12% tinham entre 0 e 4 anos de jornalismo.
O trabalho também incluiu entrevistas com os ex-assessores governamentais sobre as questões éticas e deontólógicas colocadas pela mudança de lado de jornalistas para fontes profissionalizadas – e como os profissionais viveram essa mudança –, sobre a relação entre jornalistas e assessores, além de outros aspectos da passagem do jornalismo para a assessoria.
No campo teórico, partiu-se da concepção da esfera pública como território coletivo de inter-relações humanas, visto como um tecido social em que atuam os campos, conforme teorizado por Bourdieu. Ao tratar da comunicação – o campo da visibilidade, segundo Bourdieu – procurou-se melhor compreender o seu funcionamento, recorrendo-se para isso à teoria freudiana sobre a visibilidade, relacionada por Freud à histeria.
Na distinção entre jornalistas e assessores, a partir da sociologia das profissões caracterizou-se o jornalismo como uma profissão e a assessoria de imprensa como uma ocupação profissional. No que diz respeito à atuação da assessoria de imprensa na construção da notícia, foram identificados três níveis de procedimentos: o dirigido ao gatekeeping, o voltado para a construção da agenda e o que tem como meta a criação da narrativa, que enquadra os outros dois.
The largest percentage of journalists that changed sides and went to work as government press attachés stayed in positions related to the State or the public power after the term of the government they worked for. This is one of the conclusions of this study that focused on the career of the information professionals that worked as government PR between April 6, 2002 and June 12, 2011 – comprising two PSD-CDS governments and two Socialist Party governments, the three parties that since 1975 were in the country's governments. The research allowed to identify four categories of professional destinies: the ones that stayed in the orbit of the State, political parties and institutions and companies dependent of the government (33.3%); the second group was formed by those who returned to journalism (28.7%); the professionals that went to communication consultancies (19.5%); and those who abandoned the communication field (18.4%). During this nine year period four Portuguese governments – two run by the Socialist Party and two by a coalition of the center-right PSD/CDS parties – that hired 129 press attachés and 64.3% of them were journalists. Among those journalists, 51.8% were women, and 66,3% of the journalists had a University degree. The largest group to these journalists had between 5 and 9 years of professional experience (36%), followed by those that had 15 or more years of work experience (28%), the ones between 10 and 14 years of work experience (24%) and only 12% had worked as journalists up to four years. The research also included interviews with these former press attachés with questions on the ethical and deontological issues involved in the changing sides from journalism to the government work and how they faced these changes, as well as how they viewed the professional relationships between journalists and press attachés. In the theoretical area, the starting point was the concept of the public sphere as common social territory in which human inter-relations occur, considering this territory as a social tissue where the fields – as Bourdieu theorized – interact. In an effort to better understand Communication, seen by Bourdieu as the field of visibility, this thesis used the Freudian theory on visibility, related to the manifestation of hysteria. Using the categories of the Sociology of Professions, Journalism was characterized as a profession and the work of press attachés as an occupation. In what concerns the PR activity in relation to the news publishing, this thesis identified three types of proceedings: influencing the gatekeepers; agenda building; and the creation of narratives.
The largest percentage of journalists that changed sides and went to work as government press attachés stayed in positions related to the State or the public power after the term of the government they worked for. This is one of the conclusions of this study that focused on the career of the information professionals that worked as government PR between April 6, 2002 and June 12, 2011 – comprising two PSD-CDS governments and two Socialist Party governments, the three parties that since 1975 were in the country's governments. The research allowed to identify four categories of professional destinies: the ones that stayed in the orbit of the State, political parties and institutions and companies dependent of the government (33.3%); the second group was formed by those who returned to journalism (28.7%); the professionals that went to communication consultancies (19.5%); and those who abandoned the communication field (18.4%). During this nine year period four Portuguese governments – two run by the Socialist Party and two by a coalition of the center-right PSD/CDS parties – that hired 129 press attachés and 64.3% of them were journalists. Among those journalists, 51.8% were women, and 66,3% of the journalists had a University degree. The largest group to these journalists had between 5 and 9 years of professional experience (36%), followed by those that had 15 or more years of work experience (28%), the ones between 10 and 14 years of work experience (24%) and only 12% had worked as journalists up to four years. The research also included interviews with these former press attachés with questions on the ethical and deontological issues involved in the changing sides from journalism to the government work and how they faced these changes, as well as how they viewed the professional relationships between journalists and press attachés. In the theoretical area, the starting point was the concept of the public sphere as common social territory in which human inter-relations occur, considering this territory as a social tissue where the fields – as Bourdieu theorized – interact. In an effort to better understand Communication, seen by Bourdieu as the field of visibility, this thesis used the Freudian theory on visibility, related to the manifestation of hysteria. Using the categories of the Sociology of Professions, Journalism was characterized as a profession and the work of press attachés as an occupation. In what concerns the PR activity in relation to the news publishing, this thesis identified three types of proceedings: influencing the gatekeepers; agenda building; and the creation of narratives.
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Palavras-chave
Jornalismo Assessoria de imprensa Desconstrução, Esfera pública Sociologia da profissão Relações entre jornalismo e poder Ética jornalística journalism Press consultant Deconstruction Public sphere Sociology of the professions Journalism-power relations Journalism ethics