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Espaços da Lisboa Operária. Trabalho, habitação, associativismo e intervenção operária na cidade na última década do século XIX
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No final do século XIX verificaram-se grandes mudanças económicas, sociais e urbanísticas na cidade de Lisboa, impulsionadas parcialmente pelo desenvolvimento industrial. No entanto, estas não se processaram de forma instantânea nem tão pouco homogénea no território urbano da capital portuguesa. A presente investigação identifica diferentes realidades industriais e operárias que conviveram em Lisboa na última década de Oitocentos, analisando a implantação industrial e operária no espaço urbano e caracterizando o operariado em formação.
O surgimento de novas indústrias – grandes fábricas que empregavam muita mão-de-obra – nas periferias ocidental e oriental da cidade potencia o surgimento de novas formas de habitação que introduzem na cidade uma nova espacialidade da vida operária. Esta nova espacialidade das periferias, como no vale de Alcântara ou em Xabregas, representa a ascensão de uma «nova cidade de cariz industrial» que tem muito de diferente - no tipo de indústrias, dimensão das fábricas, número de operários, como nas formas de habitar e mesmo no tipo de associações operárias – da «antiga cidade manufatureira» que, quase esquecida pela historiografia, se conserva no centro tradicional da cidade, com uma grande heterogeneidade social e de produção.
Assumindo como ponto de partida uma análise triangular da vivência quotidiana do operariado lisboeta, baseada nos locais de trabalho, de habitação e de associação, procura-se descobrir estas «cidades» com espaços físicos e sociais diferentes. A elaboração de uma cartografia digital pormenorizada, com a identificação da localização dos estabelecimentos industriais e oficinais, das diferentes formas de habitação das «classes laboriosas», das sedes das associações de iniciativa operária e das suas formas de intervenção no espaço urbano põe em evidência as diferenças na espacialidade da vida operária nestes contextos distintos desta Lisboa em mutação. Privilegia-se, deste modo, uma visão de conjunto da cidade onde conviviam diferentes realidades, ao mesmo tempo que se procura caracterizar o operariado lisboeta de então.
In the late nineteenth century there were major economic, social and urban changes in Lisbon, driven in part by industrial development. However, these were not processed in an instantaneous or even homogeneous way in the urban territory of the Portuguese capital. The present investigation identifies different industrial and working realities that coexisted in Lisbon in the last decade of the 19th century. Analysing the industrial and worker urban implantation and characterizing the working class communities in formation. The emergence of new industries – large and labour-intensive factories - in the western and eastern peripheries of the city promotes the emergence of new forms of housing that introduce a new spatiality of working life. This new spatiality of the peripheries, as in the Alcântara valley or in Xabregas, represents the rise of a “new industrial city” that has very different - the type of industries, size of factories, number of workers, as in the forms of inhabit and even in the type of working-class associations - of the “old manufacturing city” that remains in the traditional centre of the city, where remains a great social heterogeneity and a multiplicity of productions. Taking as starting point a triangular analysis of the daily life of Lisbon's working class people, based on their workplaces, housings and associations, we try to discover these “diverse cities” with different physical and social spaces. The making of a detailed digital cartography, identifying the location of industrial and workshop establishments, of the different forms of working class housings and of the headquarters of the working class associations, enlists the differences in the spatiality of the working class life in these different contexts of this Lisbon in mutation. The focus is, therefore, a city overview where coexisted different realities, while at the same time, seeks to characterize the Lisbon's working class group.
In the late nineteenth century there were major economic, social and urban changes in Lisbon, driven in part by industrial development. However, these were not processed in an instantaneous or even homogeneous way in the urban territory of the Portuguese capital. The present investigation identifies different industrial and working realities that coexisted in Lisbon in the last decade of the 19th century. Analysing the industrial and worker urban implantation and characterizing the working class communities in formation. The emergence of new industries – large and labour-intensive factories - in the western and eastern peripheries of the city promotes the emergence of new forms of housing that introduce a new spatiality of working life. This new spatiality of the peripheries, as in the Alcântara valley or in Xabregas, represents the rise of a “new industrial city” that has very different - the type of industries, size of factories, number of workers, as in the forms of inhabit and even in the type of working-class associations - of the “old manufacturing city” that remains in the traditional centre of the city, where remains a great social heterogeneity and a multiplicity of productions. Taking as starting point a triangular analysis of the daily life of Lisbon's working class people, based on their workplaces, housings and associations, we try to discover these “diverse cities” with different physical and social spaces. The making of a detailed digital cartography, identifying the location of industrial and workshop establishments, of the different forms of working class housings and of the headquarters of the working class associations, enlists the differences in the spatiality of the working class life in these different contexts of this Lisbon in mutation. The focus is, therefore, a city overview where coexisted different realities, while at the same time, seeks to characterize the Lisbon's working class group.
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Palavras-chave
Espaço Operariado Intervenção trabalho Associativismo Habitação Indústria Lisboa Associations Employment Housing Industry Lisbon Working class