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Hymenoptera.
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Resumo(s)
We present the fi rst review of Hymenoptera alien to Europe. Our study revealed
that nearly 300 species of Hymenoptera belonging to 30 families have been
introduced to Europe. In terms of alien species diversity within invertebrate
orders, this result ranks Hymenoptera third following Coleoptera and Hemiptera.
Two third of alien Hymenoptera are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids that were
mostly introduced for biological control purposes. Only 35 phytophagous species,
47 predator species and 3 species of pollinators have been introduced. Six
families of wasps (Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Braconidae, Torymidae,
Pteromalidae) represent together with ants (Formicidae) about 80% of the alien
Hymenoptera introduced to Europe. Th e three most diverse families are
Aphelinidae (60 species representing 32% of the Aphelinid European fauna),
Encyrtidae (55) and Formicidae (42) while the Chalcidoidea together represents
2/3 of the total Hymenoptera species introduced to Europe. Th e fi rst two
families are associated with mealybugs, a group that also included numerous
aliens to Europe. In addition, they are numerous cases of Hymenoptera introduced
from one part of Europe to another, especially from continental Europe to
British Islands. Th ese introductions mostly concerned phytophagous or gall-
maker species (76 %), less frequently parasitoids. Th e number of new records of
alien Hymenoptera per year has shown an exponential increase during the last 200
years. Th e number of alien species introduced by year reached a maximum of 5
species per year between 1975 and 2000. North America provided the greatest part
of the hymenopteran species alien to Europe (96 species, 35.3%), followed by
Asia (84 species, 30.9%) and Africa (49 species, 18%). Th ree Mediterranean
countries (only continental parts) hosted the largest number of alien
Hymenoptera: Italy (144 spp.), France (111 spp.) and Spain (90 spp.) but no
correlation was found with the area of countries. Intentional introduction,
mostly for biological control, has been the main pathway of introduction for
Hymenoptera. Consequently, the most invaded habitats are agricultural and
horticultural as well as greenhouses. To the contrary, Hymenoptera alien in
Europe are mostly associated with woodland and forest habitats. Ecological and
economic impacts of alien Hymenoptera have been poorly studied. Ants have
probably displaced native species and this is also true for introduced
parasitoids that are suspected to displace native parasitoids by competition,
but reliable examples are still scarce. Th e cost of these impacts has never
been estimated.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Hymenoptera alien Europe biological invasions
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Rasplus J-Y et al. (2010) Hymenoptera. Chapter 12. In: Roques A et al. (Eds) Arthropod invasions in Europe. BioRisk 4(2): 669–776. doi: 10.3897/biorisk.4.55