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O Financiamento do Terrorismo, o Branqueamento e a Recuperação de Activos
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A inquietude dos tempos vive-se, agora, para além da dimensão do espaço das
uniões estaduais, do Estado ou do Estado-Nação, da organização e do indivíduo. Não há
fronteiras, barreira que seja, que se imponham ao desmedido da ambição dos últimos,
que se organizam, mobilizam e fazem questionar a segurança do mais forte dos Estados
ou a mais coesa das Uniões. De Nova Iorque, a Madrid, a Paris, a Bruxelas, a Moscovo,
a Bagdade, a Bali e do Quénia ao norte da Nigéria, quantos exemplos haverá? Eis, por
aparência, um mundo que se une em prol de um conjunto de soluções que obstem tais
atentados violentos, altamente organizados, complexos, fracionados e espaçados no
tempo. Mas, onde estão as respostas e que resultados? Que segurança, que informações,
quais as estratégias adotadas?
A transnacionalidade do crime organizado (CO), especialmente nas suas
vertentes de dissimulação e ocultação de vantagens, apenas tem encontrado oposição
relativa do sistema financeiro, o que não aparenta ser com o não financeiro. Os sistemas
proativos e preventivos, criados pelo Estado, têm ficado aquém do desejável. O CO
enraizou-se, ganhou solidez e, provavelmente, cresceu como nunca. Tornou-se denso e
opaco, dada a resposta da Justiça. Ou, opinião que se generalizou, o problema também
está na própria Justiça.
Crimes como o roubo, vulgarmente referidos como ‘assaltos’ e demais contra a
integridade física e vida, como o homicídio, e outros contra a liberdade e
autodeterminação sexual exigem e têm tido resposta. Estará então a paz social
instalada? A resposta cabal teria de incluir as respostas ao crime organizado, fiscal,
financeiro e económico.
O Financiamento do Terrorismo, o Branqueamento e a Recuperação de Ativos
4
Importam avaliações estruturais sobre tais riscos, emergindo destes o
branqueamento de capitais (BC), o financiamento do terrorismo (FT) e a proliferação de
armas de destruição massiva (ADM). Do mesmo modo, aferir a proporcionalidade das
contramedidas, sopesando as ameaças e os riscos associados, de modo a anular ou
diminuir o impacto daqueles ilícitos.
A relevância das medidas deverá ser jurídica, institucional, tática e estratégica.
Porém, a globalização dos mercados e dos fluxos financeiros, com o ímpeto constante
da concorrência e o deslumbrante dos lucros, não tornarão fácil a realização dos deveres
mais simples. As instituições, os agentes e outros atores económicos e financeiros que
pululam por esse universo de ativos têm e terão um papel relevante a desempenhar na
luta anti-B/FT.
Diferentes entes, especialmente os ligados à Organização das Nações Unidas,
avançam números que ativam os comportamentos aditivos das economias de mercado.
Serão centenas de milhares de milhões de euros e/ou de dólares norte-americanos que
brotam do crime? Pelo menos conhecemos os seus efeitos nocivos que, entre outros,
serão: a concorrência desleal; os problemas de liquidez; a manipulação de mercados; o
afastamento dos investidores; a descredibilização do sistema financeiro; o
enriquecimento sem justa causa; o enfraquecimento das instâncias de controlo, com
especial ênfase do próprio Estado.
Os desafios são uma constante, mas com eles concorrem dilemas, que são as
falsas expetativas, os parcos resultados e os custos agregados. No caso último, tendo por
base os investimentos no sistema financeiro, foram criados e aplicados sistemas de filtro
de transações, transferências e mensagens, bem como foram constituídos gabinetes de
conformidade e avaliação de riscos que, em conjunto, comportam valores que poderão
causar desajustes para um orçamento de uma simples instituição bancária ou financeira.
Funcionalmente consideramos que o caminho percorrido, além de algumas
distorções, tem produzido resultados, mas longe de um garante que permita absorver os
desvios identificados. As perdas, sobretudo com o alastramento do crime organizado, do
terrorismo e a evasão fiscal, obrigam a novas reflexões e à criação de propostas que
possam guindar-nos a mais e melhores resultados.
A discussão a apresentar, para além do descritivo a que está obrigado, tem por
intenção produzir inferências, solidificadas com o interesse demonstrado pelos atores
que, neste momento, consideramos vitais, as quais nos conduzirão a propósitos de
consecução e otimização do sistema financeiro nacional. Se, porventura, os gabinetes de
compliance e demais operadores, como os investigadores e analistas financeiros,
sentirem que se abriu mais uma janela de oportunidade na peleja contra o financiamento
do terrorismo, branqueamento e na recuperação de ativos (RA), sentir-nos-emos
realizados porque mais um alerta e um conjunto de reflexões foram colocados
contribuindo para um crivo de dados que contribuirá, assim o julgamos, para a
quantificação e qualificação de elementos úteis ao processo de informações
determinantes para o combate ao CO e ao terrorismo.
A procura pressupõe que tenhamos presente o sistema real de combate ao BC e
ao FT, não só em termos nacionais como transnacionais. As diferenças, as muitas
ambiguidades, inclusive da própria Lei, as aproximações e os resultados alcançados,
especialmente no que toca ao ordenamento nacional, são campo de muita pesquisa, que
importará evidenciar.
De novo, porque recente e em início de carreira, a RA que irá conferir, aliás já o
tem feito e confiamos que o seja a todo o sistema judiciário, uma embalagem forte na
prossecução das investigações mais densas, complexas e de caráter transnacional. Será o
desbravar de terrenos nunca ou pouco percorridos, em concreto matérias que tangem o
crime organizado e violento.
As palavras que se seguem pela carga que poderão evidenciar, especialmente
pelos tempos conturbados que correm, procuram revelar estudos, aturada recolha de
dados em diferentes bases de dados e competente análise.
The uncertainty of the times that we are living nowadays is beyond the Federal State, the State, the Organization or the individual by itself. There are no borders or barriers against the ambition of those, who are capable to put in question the home security of the strongest country or the most cohesive the united countries. From New York, Madrid, Paris Brussels, Moscow, Baghdad, Bali, to Kenya or to the North of Nigeria, how many examples have we got? Apparently the world was prepared to fight or, at least, to repeal such violent acts, well organized, complex, fractional and spaced in time. Where are the answers and the competent results? Which internal security? Which strategies and what kind of intelligence to adopt? Transnationality of organized crime, especially in its aspects of disguise and concealment of proceeds, has only known relative opposition in the financial system. The proactive and preventive systems created by the State have fallen short of expectations. Organized crime took roots and probably grew up like never before. It became thick and obscure, bearing in mind the response from Justice. Or, on the other hand, as the widespread opinion the problem is in Justice itself. Offences such as robbery commonly referred to as “assaults” or other offences against physical integrity and life such as homicide and other offences against freedom and sexual self-determination, require and have had a response. So, does social peace exist? The proper answer would have to include response to the organized crime, taxrelated, financial and economic crime. Important structural evaluations about such risk need to be done, mainly against money laundering (ML), financing of terrorism (FT) and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Also the need of countermeasures and its proportionality, having in mind the threats and the associated risks, in order to cancel or reduce the impact of those offences. A legal and institutional, tactical and strategic solution is relevant. However, the globalization of markets and the financial flows can be a real problem for the accomplishment of the duties, even the most simple one. The institutions, agents and the other actors of the economic and financial system do have and will have a proactive role against ML/FT. Different entities, especially those that are linked to the United Nations are giving numbers that active the addictive behaviours of the market economies. Will be hundreds of billions of euros/dollars which are coming from the crime? At least we know some of its harmful effects, which can be, among others: unfair competition; liquidity problems; manipulation, inside trading; withdrawal of investors; discredit of the financial system; illegal enrichment; and the weakening of the supervisory bodies or the State by itself. We are having constant challenges but at the same time dilemmas which are the false expectations, the poor results and the aggregate costs. Speaking about costs, based on the investments done by the financial system, such as transaction filter systems and the compliance offices and risk assessment. They are so high that can cause a big problem for the budget of a single credit institution or a financial agency. Functionally we think the road that we are doing, despite of some accidents, is having positive results, but a lot of things need to be done. The losses, mainly the spread of the OC, the terrorism and the aggravated tax evasion; require new ideas and the creation of other proposals to achieve better results. The job that we are going to discuss, beyond the simple description that we need to do, has the intention to produce the competent inferences, based on the opinion received and shown by the most important actors (financial investigators and compliance officers). Eventually if such operators can feel that the work done is, at least, a good or a constructive opportunity to fight against ML/FT and pro AR, we will be happy with our contribution. The search and the analysis oblige that we need to have the competent experience in the field of ML/FT in both theatres: national and transnational. The differences and the ambiguities found, including the law, different approaches and the results achieved, particularly in the domestic system, involve important work that need to be done. Once again, the AR, because is a new tool which can provide new possibilities and capacities for law enforcement and of course for the investigation of the complex cases. It will be new land to discover certainly good to fight against the organized and violent crime. The following words, possibly heavy, especially because we are facing hard times, have (also) the intention to reveal the competent collection and analysis done in different sources and databases.
The uncertainty of the times that we are living nowadays is beyond the Federal State, the State, the Organization or the individual by itself. There are no borders or barriers against the ambition of those, who are capable to put in question the home security of the strongest country or the most cohesive the united countries. From New York, Madrid, Paris Brussels, Moscow, Baghdad, Bali, to Kenya or to the North of Nigeria, how many examples have we got? Apparently the world was prepared to fight or, at least, to repeal such violent acts, well organized, complex, fractional and spaced in time. Where are the answers and the competent results? Which internal security? Which strategies and what kind of intelligence to adopt? Transnationality of organized crime, especially in its aspects of disguise and concealment of proceeds, has only known relative opposition in the financial system. The proactive and preventive systems created by the State have fallen short of expectations. Organized crime took roots and probably grew up like never before. It became thick and obscure, bearing in mind the response from Justice. Or, on the other hand, as the widespread opinion the problem is in Justice itself. Offences such as robbery commonly referred to as “assaults” or other offences against physical integrity and life such as homicide and other offences against freedom and sexual self-determination, require and have had a response. So, does social peace exist? The proper answer would have to include response to the organized crime, taxrelated, financial and economic crime. Important structural evaluations about such risk need to be done, mainly against money laundering (ML), financing of terrorism (FT) and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Also the need of countermeasures and its proportionality, having in mind the threats and the associated risks, in order to cancel or reduce the impact of those offences. A legal and institutional, tactical and strategic solution is relevant. However, the globalization of markets and the financial flows can be a real problem for the accomplishment of the duties, even the most simple one. The institutions, agents and the other actors of the economic and financial system do have and will have a proactive role against ML/FT. Different entities, especially those that are linked to the United Nations are giving numbers that active the addictive behaviours of the market economies. Will be hundreds of billions of euros/dollars which are coming from the crime? At least we know some of its harmful effects, which can be, among others: unfair competition; liquidity problems; manipulation, inside trading; withdrawal of investors; discredit of the financial system; illegal enrichment; and the weakening of the supervisory bodies or the State by itself. We are having constant challenges but at the same time dilemmas which are the false expectations, the poor results and the aggregate costs. Speaking about costs, based on the investments done by the financial system, such as transaction filter systems and the compliance offices and risk assessment. They are so high that can cause a big problem for the budget of a single credit institution or a financial agency. Functionally we think the road that we are doing, despite of some accidents, is having positive results, but a lot of things need to be done. The losses, mainly the spread of the OC, the terrorism and the aggravated tax evasion; require new ideas and the creation of other proposals to achieve better results. The job that we are going to discuss, beyond the simple description that we need to do, has the intention to produce the competent inferences, based on the opinion received and shown by the most important actors (financial investigators and compliance officers). Eventually if such operators can feel that the work done is, at least, a good or a constructive opportunity to fight against ML/FT and pro AR, we will be happy with our contribution. The search and the analysis oblige that we need to have the competent experience in the field of ML/FT in both theatres: national and transnational. The differences and the ambiguities found, including the law, different approaches and the results achieved, particularly in the domestic system, involve important work that need to be done. Once again, the AR, because is a new tool which can provide new possibilities and capacities for law enforcement and of course for the investigation of the complex cases. It will be new land to discover certainly good to fight against the organized and violent crime. The following words, possibly heavy, especially because we are facing hard times, have (also) the intention to reveal the competent collection and analysis done in different sources and databases.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Crime Financiamento do terrorismo Branqueamento Ativos Crime Terrorism financing Money laundering Assets