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Transformações sociais durante o III milénio BC no sul de Portugal: o povoado do Porto das Carretas
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O principal objectivo da presente dissertação consiste na caracterização da formação social
calcolítica da primeira metade do III milénio A.C. do Sul de Portugal e na análise das transformações
económico-sociais ocorridas na segunda metade do mesmo milénio, associadas à crise do modo de
produção do Calcolítico do Sudoeste Ibérico, de cujo colapso resultará um novo modelo de organização
social mais centralizado e hierarquizado, característico das sociedades da Idade do Bronze.
A sustentação empírica dos modelos teóricos formulados é constituída pelos dados arqueológicos
e base documental resultantes das escavações em extensão, dirigidas pela autora, no povoado
do Porto das Carretas (Mourão), localizado na margem esquerda do médio Guadiana. Este arqueossítio
foi contextualizado às escalas local (território do Triângulo da Luz) e regional (Sul de Portugal e
Sudoeste da Península Ibérica).
De entre a multiplicidade de factores que explicam as mudanças económicas e socioculturais,
elegeu-se, como motor dos processos de transformação social, a intensificação da produção, ou seja,
o desenvolvimento das forças produtivas. Na fase de emergência do processo de calcolitização valoriza-
se a chamada revolução dos produtos secundários da criação de gado, a que a autora associa um
modelo de organização social tribal complexo. O colapso desse modelo de organização social cria as
condições para a emergência de um novo tipo de sociedade mais desigual e hierarquizada (Horizonte
Campaniforme), cujos acréscimos de complexidade social são correlacionáveis com o pleno domínio
da metalurgia (cobre arsenical e ouro) e divisão social do trabalho (artífices especializados).
This dissertation aims to characterise the Chalcolithic social organisation in the first half of the third millennium B.C. in Southern Portugal, and to analyse the economical and social transformations that took place in the second half of the same millennium. These were related to the decline of the Chalcolithic mode of production in South-Western Iberia. The complex, more centralised and hierarchical Bronze Age societies emerged from the collapse of that social model. The theoretical constructions draw on the empirical record from the archaeological excavations, directed by the author, in the settlement of Porto das Carretas (Mourão), that surmount the left bank of Guadiana River. The site has been contextualised both at local (Triângulo da Luz territory) and regional scale (South-Western Iberian Peninsula). From the several factors explaining the process of change, the intensification of production was chosen for this study, as associated with technological and economical innovations. As far as the dawn of the Chalcolithic is concerned, it is necessary to follow the positive effects of the Secondary Products Revolution on the rates of growth of all the indicators of social development, such as productivity, sendentism and population density. For the first half of the third millennium B.C., the author proposes a complex tribal organisation model, where the social hierarchy was maintained in the kinship structure. The crisis of the Chalcolithic society gave way, in the second half of the third millennium B.C., to more unequal and hierarchical societies (Bell Beaker period), along with the development of copper metallurgy (copper-arsenic alloys) and craft specialisation.
This dissertation aims to characterise the Chalcolithic social organisation in the first half of the third millennium B.C. in Southern Portugal, and to analyse the economical and social transformations that took place in the second half of the same millennium. These were related to the decline of the Chalcolithic mode of production in South-Western Iberia. The complex, more centralised and hierarchical Bronze Age societies emerged from the collapse of that social model. The theoretical constructions draw on the empirical record from the archaeological excavations, directed by the author, in the settlement of Porto das Carretas (Mourão), that surmount the left bank of Guadiana River. The site has been contextualised both at local (Triângulo da Luz territory) and regional scale (South-Western Iberian Peninsula). From the several factors explaining the process of change, the intensification of production was chosen for this study, as associated with technological and economical innovations. As far as the dawn of the Chalcolithic is concerned, it is necessary to follow the positive effects of the Secondary Products Revolution on the rates of growth of all the indicators of social development, such as productivity, sendentism and population density. For the first half of the third millennium B.C., the author proposes a complex tribal organisation model, where the social hierarchy was maintained in the kinship structure. The crisis of the Chalcolithic society gave way, in the second half of the third millennium B.C., to more unequal and hierarchical societies (Bell Beaker period), along with the development of copper metallurgy (copper-arsenic alloys) and craft specialisation.
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Formações sociais calcolíticas Organização social tribal complexa Horizonte Campaniforme Porto das Carretas Sudoeste da Península Ibérica Metalurgia Divisão social do trabalho Chalcolithic societies Complex tribal organisation Bell Beaker period Porto das Carretas South-Western Iberia Metallurgy Craft specialisation