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Resumo(s)
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid-bound particles that are pivotal for intercellular communication and actively participate in diverse physiological processes, including immune modulation, proteostasis, and tissue repair. EVs have emerged as promising therapeutic targets and biomarkers because of their significant roles in the pathogenesis of diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disorders. Despite extensive research on EVs as diagnostic tools and mediators of cellular signaling, the fundamental mechanisms underlying their biogenesis remain unclear. Consequently, this understanding of how the composition of EVs dynamically changes in response to physiological and pathological conditions is often limited, leading to lower diagnostic utility and slower advancements in clinical interventions and EVs engineering. This review explores the intricate mechanisms underlying EVs biogenesis and payload selection, emphasizing how these processes vary across EVs subclasses, thereby underpinning their functional versatility. The biogenetic pathways are highlighted from the ectocytosis-driven generation of microvesicles and apoptotic body (ApoBDs) formation via membrane blebbing to the formation of exosomes within the endosomal compartments and their regulated release via exocytosis.
Descrição
Funding Information: This work was supported by the Research Unit UID/04462: iNOVA4Health \u2010 Programa de Medicina Translacional, by the Associated Laboratory LS4FUTURE (LA/P/0087/2020), and by the TransNet Project (2022.08649.PTDC) all financially supported by Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e Tecnologia / Minist\u00E9rio da Educa\u00E7\u00E3o, Ci\u00EAncia e Inova\u00E7\u00E3o. This work was also supported by the European Union, 1181 EVCA Twining Project 1182 (Horizon GA n\u00B0 101079264). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Healthcare Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Palavras-chave
apoptotic bodies exocytosis exosomes extracellular vesicles microvesicles Biomaterials Biomedical Engineering Pharmaceutical Science SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being