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Key Properties of Drinking Water Treatment Residuals for their Effective Reuse as Phosphate Adsorbents
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Resumo(s)
Drinking Water Treatment Residuals (DWTR) are the sludge by-products produced in the drinking water treatment plants, representing a significant amount of the operational costs. Since the DWTR properties depend on the treatment system and the raw water characteristics, it is crucial to understand the key parameters to streamline the decision-making process regarding DWTR reuse. This study aimed to assess the key parameters of DWTR as an adsorbent material of phosphate (). To this end, seven different DWTR were subjected to physical and chemical characterization. Adsorption tests were carried out under neutral pH. Following a comprehensive analysis of the correlation between the quantitative properties and the adsorption capacity, a reliable predictor has been determined. This predictor will inform the construction of a model that will accurately predict the adsorption capacity. The characterization showed differences among the DWTR, supporting the influence of the DWTR properties. Six of the DWTR were able to adsorb, with adsorption capacities ranging between 6.7 and 44.1 mg/g. Contrary to expectations, the aluminium content was not the key parameter for the adsorption process. Instead, the crucial factor was the pH at the point of zero charge (pHPZC). Based on this relationship, a statistical model was built, using pHPZC as a predictor of adsorption capacity (p-value < 0.0001, R2 = 0.735). The use of pHPZC as a predictor of the adsorption capacity of DWTR enables the reduction of the number and the costs of analytical determinations and streamlines the decision-making process for stakeholders regarding DWTR reuse.
Descrição
Funding Information:
Open access funding provided by FCT|FCCN (b-on). The authors acknowledge and thank the support given to the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal), through a PhD grant by FCT for Diogo Sousa (2022.11808.BD https://doi.org/10.54499/2022.11808.BD) and through the strategic projects UIDB/04292/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04292/2020) and UIDP/04292/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/04292/2020) granted to MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, and the project LA/P/0069/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0069/2020) granted to the Associate Laboratory ARNET - Aquatic Research Network. This work received support and help from FCT/MCTES (LA/P/0008/2020 DOI 10.54499/LA/P/0008/2020, UIDP/50006/2020 DOI10.54499/UIDP/50006/2020 and UIDB/50006/2020 DOI 10.54499/UIDB/50006/2020), through national funds.
Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2025.
Palavras-chave
Drinking water treatment sludge reuse Phosphate adsorption Sludge characterization Water treatment Environmental Engineering Water Science and Technology Pollution Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis