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Optimization of quercetin

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Quercetin exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Incorporating quercetin into liposomes can overcome its limited water solubility and poor oral bioavailability, making it a promising candidate for treating inflammatory diseases. For pulmonary administration, supercritical CO2-assisted spray drying can be used to convert liposomal suspensions into dry powder formulations suitable for inhalation. However, the extraction power of scCO2 can pose challenges on retaining the incorporation efficiency (IE) of this flavonoid in the lipid bilayer. This study focuses on optimizing quercetin's IE after drying using different liposomal lipid compositions with varying surface charges. The IE of quercetin into positively charged liposomes was 57 %. Additionally, the resulting powders had a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1.7 µm and a fine particle fraction (particle size < 5 µm) of 63 %, indicating their suitability for inhalation. Cytotoxicity assays also revealed that both reconstituted liposomes and dry powder formulations were non-toxic to areolar fibroblast cells.

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Funding Information: C.C. and A.A.R acknowledge the financial support from FCT/MCTES (LA/P/0008/2020 DOI 10.54499/LA/P/0008/2020, UIDP/50006/2020 DOI 10.54499/UIDP/50006/2020, and UIDB/50006/2020 DOI 10.54499/UIDB/50006/2020; through national funds and ESF (European Social Fund) through POCH (Programa Operacional Capital Humano) for the PhD grant ref. PD/BD/142880/2018, COVID/BD/152744/2022 and Project PD/00184/2012-PDQS, respectively. C.C. and A.A.R. also acknowledge the Doctoral Program in Sustainable Chemistry, LAQV-Requimte and CA18224 GREENERING (“Green Chemical Engineering Network towards upscaling sustainable processes”). COST Actions are funded within the EU Horizon 2020 Programme. M.L.C. is grateful for the financial support of the Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal, which is supported in part by UID/DTP/04138/2020 and UIDP/04138/ 2020 from FCT/MCTES, Portugal), UID 04138 - Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento. Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Authors

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Chronic diseases Flavonoids Inflammatory diseases Inhalation Solid dosage forms Spray drying General Chemical Engineering Condensed Matter Physics Physical and Theoretical Chemistry

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