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This review explores the integration of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with model drugs and diverse formulations to obtain nanocomposites with potential for cancer therapy. Beyond the synthesis, the study also deals with cancer-affected organs, elucidates mechanisms of drug action and categorizes g-C3N4-based anti-cancer compositions. The responsive elements contributing to cancer inhibition under the chemotherapeutic influence include reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial potential, oxidative stress, magnetic responsiveness, profound thermal and photo energy penetration, metal retention toxicity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) blockade in cancer cells, insulating microenvironments within tumours and immune-modulating antibodies. Notably, breast, prostate, lung, ovary and stomach cancers owe their genesis exclusively to abnormal cell proliferation. Our review reveals that the integration of model drugs (MD) with metal ions (MI) on g-C3N4 (g-C3N4/MDMI) shows enhanced biological activity, compared to metal ions and model drugs alone. The paper refers to several characterization techniques to decipher intricate data patterns and facilitate explanations of in vitro analyses focused on cancer cell viability and proliferation. Upon analysis of all data, g-C3N4 emerges as a compelling drug carrier, particularly within the anticancer drug delivery systems. This review not only emphasizes the immense potential of g-C3N4 nanocomposites but also paves the way for future advancements in effective cancer treatments.
Descrição
Funding Information:
S.A.C.C. acknowledges support from FCT/MCTES (Fundação para a
Ciência e Tecnologia and Minist´erio da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) through projects DOIs: 10.54499/LA/P/0008/2020,
10.54499/UIDP/50006/2020, 10.54499/UIDB/50006/2020. SACC
also acknowledges FCT for the Scientific Employment Stimulus - Institutional Call (DOI 10.54499/CEECINST/00102/2018/CP1567/
CT0026).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Authors
Palavras-chave
Anti-tumour treatments Drug carrier Drug delivery systems Drug mode of actions g-CN3N4 g-C3N4 loaded anticancer drugs Chemistry (miscellaneous) Materials Science (miscellaneous) SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being