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Territorialização Securitária do Alto Mar: analise crítico-transformativa no tratamento jurídico do direito de visita
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Os desafios de segurança no domínio marítimo são muitos e certamente de difícil compatibilização com os interesses divergentes em causa. Circunscrita a um espectro de insegurança mais ou menos bem definido, abrangendo vetores de ameaça como a pirataria, tráfico de drogas, pessoas e armas, terrorismo e pesca ilegal não declarada e não regulamentada, a segurança marítima é jurisdicionalmente complexa. Isto é, a abordagem de um navio estrangeiro no alto mar pode levar a uma série de situações jurídicas radicalmente
diferentes. Pode revelar um pirata, considerado inimigo de toda a humanidade ou um requerente de asilo, com direito a uma série de direitos processuais substantivos. Juntamente com a possibilidade do Estado de bandeira e suas leis estarem muito mais distantes do que os Estados costeiros, capazes em potencial de prestar uma resposta eficaz e eficiente, a sua operacionalização torna tenso o delicado equilíbrio entre a liberdade e a segurança.
A teoria da territorialização securitária do alto mar, cobre uma variedade de questões aparentemente distintas, às quais pode ser vantajoso prestar atenção, mas que no todo contribuem para uma análise crítico-transformativa do instituto jurídico do direito de visita em alto mar.
A legitimidade do Estado costeiro para prosseguir com a boa ordem no mar, baseia-se agora nos desafios de segurança comuns a toda a comunidade internacional – proteção dos bens comuns globais. Por outro lado, a cegueira marítima que persiste de uma forma geral na grande maioria dos Estados, leva a que questões como o registo de bandeira, ainda sejam interpretadas como commoditys, passíveis de serem transacionadas e concessionadas a privados, não raras as vezes, em sedes internacionais fora do território desses Estado. Há de facto uma dicotomia entre duas grandes posições, que divergindo quanto à substância, poderão ser defendidas de maneiras diferentes. Por isso, apresentaremos novas realidades geopolíticas, mostrando o caminho percorrido e o que nos espera, procurando clarificar o interesse comum, otimizando a utilização do alto mar para toda a comunidade, na devida ponderação dos interesses de todos os atores.
The security challenges in the maritime domain are numerous and certainly difficult to reconcile with the divergent interests at stake. Circumscribed within a more or less well-defined spectrum of insecurity, encompassing threat vectors such as piracy, drug, human and weapons trafficking, terrorism, and undeclared and unregulated illegal fishing, maritime security is jurisdictionally complex. That is, the approach of a foreign ship at high sea can lead to a series of radically different legal situations. It can reveal a pirate, considered an enemy of all humanity, or an asylum seeker, entitled to a series of substantive procedural rights. Along with the possibility of the flag State and its laws being much further away than coastal States, capable of providing an effective and efficient response, its operationalization makes the delicate balance between freedom and security tense. The theory of security territorialization of the high seas covers a variety of seemingly distinct issues, which may be advantageous to pay attention to, but which overall contribute to a critical and transformative analysis of the right to visit in the high seas. The legitimacy of the coastal state to pursue good order at sea now rests on security challenges common to the entire international community – protection of the global commons. On the other hand, the maritime blindness that persists in general in the vast majority of States leads to issues such as flag registration still being interpreted as commodities, capable of being traded and concessioned to private parties, often in international headquarters outside the territory of these States. There is a dichotomy between two major positions, which, diverging in substance, can be defended in different ways. Therefore, we will present new geopolitical realities, showing the path taken and what lies ahead, seeking to clarify the common interest and optimizing the use of the high seas for the entire community, in due consideration of the interests of all actors.
The security challenges in the maritime domain are numerous and certainly difficult to reconcile with the divergent interests at stake. Circumscribed within a more or less well-defined spectrum of insecurity, encompassing threat vectors such as piracy, drug, human and weapons trafficking, terrorism, and undeclared and unregulated illegal fishing, maritime security is jurisdictionally complex. That is, the approach of a foreign ship at high sea can lead to a series of radically different legal situations. It can reveal a pirate, considered an enemy of all humanity, or an asylum seeker, entitled to a series of substantive procedural rights. Along with the possibility of the flag State and its laws being much further away than coastal States, capable of providing an effective and efficient response, its operationalization makes the delicate balance between freedom and security tense. The theory of security territorialization of the high seas covers a variety of seemingly distinct issues, which may be advantageous to pay attention to, but which overall contribute to a critical and transformative analysis of the right to visit in the high seas. The legitimacy of the coastal state to pursue good order at sea now rests on security challenges common to the entire international community – protection of the global commons. On the other hand, the maritime blindness that persists in general in the vast majority of States leads to issues such as flag registration still being interpreted as commodities, capable of being traded and concessioned to private parties, often in international headquarters outside the territory of these States. There is a dichotomy between two major positions, which, diverging in substance, can be defended in different ways. Therefore, we will present new geopolitical realities, showing the path taken and what lies ahead, seeking to clarify the common interest and optimizing the use of the high seas for the entire community, in due consideration of the interests of all actors.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Segurança marítima securitização interesses inclusivos jurisdição extraterritorial cegueira marítima geopolítica dos oceanos direito e segurança Direito do Mar Estado de bandeira direito de visita navio alto mar Maritime security securitization inclusive interests extraterritorial jurisdiction sea blindness geopolitics of the oceans lae and security law of the sea lag state coastal state right of visit ship high seas