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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
The use of bleaching agents to remove stains is one of the main dental procedures to improve the aesthetics of teeth. This review presents the main agents used for tooth whitening, existing clinical protocols, and the structural changes that may occur through their use. The main bleaching agents consist of hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide, which are used in bleaching techniques for vital teeth. These techniques can be performed in the office by a professional or by the individual in a home environment under professional guidance. Bleaching agents come in a variety of concentrations and there are over-the-counter products available on the market with lower concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Due to the chemical characteristics of the agents, changes in the organic and inorganic content of the tooth structure can be observed. These changes are related to morphological changes characterized by increased permeability and surface roughness, such changes compromise the mechanical resistance of the tooth. Furthermore, bleaching agents can promote molecular changes after reaching the dental pulp, resulting in oxidative stress of pulp cells and the release of proinflammatory mediators. Despite the bleaching effectiveness, tooth sensitivity is considered the main side effect of use. Therefore, among the heterogeneity of protocols, those that used the bleaching agent for a prolonged time and in lower concentrations presented more harmful effects on the tooth structure.
Descrição
Funding Information: for all the fellowships in the development of this paper. Author Contributions. Conceptualization, W.A.B.A and R.R.L.; investigation, W.A.B.A; writing-original draft preparation, W.A.B.A., V.S.C., and C.M.A.; writing-review and editing, C.M.S., S.P., A.R., A.D.L., R.D.S.R., and R.R.L.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding. W.A.B.A. received a scholarship from FAPESPA-Funda\u00E7\u00E3o Amaz\u00F4nia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas. V.S.C. received scholarships from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) (Financial Code 001). R.R.L. is a researcher from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00EDfico e Tecnol\u00F3gico (CNPq) and received a grant under number 312275/2021-8. The APC was funded by Pr\u00F3-Reitoria de Pesquisa e P\u00F3s-gradua\u00E7\u00E3o from the Federal University of Par\u00E1 (PROPESP-UFPA). Conflicts of Interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding Information: We are grateful to CNPq, CAPES, and FAPESPA for all the fellowships in the development of this paper. ©The Author(s) 2024. Open Access.
Palavras-chave
Carbamide peroxide Dental bleaching Dental pulp Dentin Enamel Hydrogen peroxide Pathology and Forensic Medicine Histology