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Homossexualidade, lesbianismo e resistência nas ditaduras ibéricas do século XX: estudos de caso em comparação
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Este trabalho de investigação parte da necessidade de resgatar as memórias de homossexuais e lésbicas nas ditaduras ibéricas fascistas, colocando-as em comparação. A questão principal incide na compreensão do quotidiano de pessoas comuns cuja orientação sexual se considera um desvio em relação aos padrões normativos da época. Além de entender de que forma são oprimidas, e sabendo que onde existe repressão também existe resistência, pretende-se igualmente compreender quais as formas de resistência desenvolvidas por estas pessoas para conseguirem viver a sua sexualidade, observada nos dois contextos enquanto crime e doença. Ao mesmo tempo, e ao considerar o peso que os papéis de género têm ao longos das ditaduras (mas também antes e depois) é objetivo compreender as diferenças formas de opressão a homossexuais e lésbicas e, por causa disso, as suas diferentes formas de resistir.
Nesta investigação aborda-se a visão que os dois Estados ditatoriais têm das sexualidades dissidentes, a forma como apresentam tratamentos diferentes consoante a classe social e o género de cada pessoa. Através de uma etnografia de arquivo e de uma etnografia retrospetiva, analisam-se os vários tipos de opressão praticados durante este período: o controlo social formal (portanto, a repressão estatal, legal e policial), e o controlo social informal (a opressão social e familiar, ligada à moralidade católica, e que, muitas vezes, leva à autorrepressão). Ao mesmo tempo, resgatam-se várias formas de resistência quotidiana, como a ocultação, a dissimulação ou a ignorância fingida (que contêm igualmente diversas ramificações), e que apresentam diferenças assinaláveis ao nível do género.
A existência de diferenças na forma de reprimir as sexualidades dissidentes nos dois Estados permite mostrar que, apesar de serem ditaduras fascistas que surgem de forma cronologicamente próxima e com complexos ideológicos semelhantes, existem especificidades relativas a ambos os contextos (e mesmo dentro dos próprios Estados, com especificidades territoriais) que alteram a forma como estes observam (e oprimem) as sexualidades fora da norma. Nesse sentido, a análise aqui realizada permite mostrar que não é apenas por existir uma partilha ideológica que a forma de fazer é exatamente igual, e contribui, ao mesmo tempo, para reforçar a necessidade de continuar a resgatar a memória das sexualidades dissidentes (na Europa e no mundo, em ditaduras ou democracias).
This research work is based on the need to rescue the memories of homosexuals and lesbians in fascist Iberian dictatorships, placing them in comparison. The main issue focuses on understanding the daily lives of ordinary people whose sexual orientation is considered a deviation from the normative standards of the time. In addition to understanding how they are oppressed, and knowing that where there is repression there is also resistance, it is intended to understand what forms of resistance are developed by these people to be able to live their sexuality, observed in both contexts as crime and illness. At the same time, and considering the weight that gender roles have throughout dictatorships (but also before and after) the objective is to understand the different forms of oppression of homosexuals and lesbians and, because of this, their different ways of resisting. This investigation addresses the view that the two dictatorial states have on dissident sexualities, and the way they are treated differently depends on each person’s social class and gender. Through archival ethnography and retrospective ethnography, the various types of oppression practiced during this period are analyzed: formal social control (the state, legal, and pólice represión), and informal social control (social and family oppression, linked to Catholic morality, which often leads to self-repression). At the same time, various forms of daily resistance are rescued, such as concealment, dissimulation, or feigned ignorance (which also contain different ramifications), and which present notable differences at the level of gender. The differences in the way dissident sexualities are repressed in the two states, allow us to show that, despite being fascist dictatorships that appear chronologically close and with similar ideological complexes, there are specificities relating to both contexts (and even within the States themselves, with territorial specificities) that change the way they observe (and oppress) sexualities outside the norm. In this sense, the análisis carried out here show that it is not just because there is an ideological sharing that the way of doing things is the same, and contributes to reinforcing the need to continue to rescue the memory of dissident sexualities (in Europe and the world, in dictatorships or democracies).
This research work is based on the need to rescue the memories of homosexuals and lesbians in fascist Iberian dictatorships, placing them in comparison. The main issue focuses on understanding the daily lives of ordinary people whose sexual orientation is considered a deviation from the normative standards of the time. In addition to understanding how they are oppressed, and knowing that where there is repression there is also resistance, it is intended to understand what forms of resistance are developed by these people to be able to live their sexuality, observed in both contexts as crime and illness. At the same time, and considering the weight that gender roles have throughout dictatorships (but also before and after) the objective is to understand the different forms of oppression of homosexuals and lesbians and, because of this, their different ways of resisting. This investigation addresses the view that the two dictatorial states have on dissident sexualities, and the way they are treated differently depends on each person’s social class and gender. Through archival ethnography and retrospective ethnography, the various types of oppression practiced during this period are analyzed: formal social control (the state, legal, and pólice represión), and informal social control (social and family oppression, linked to Catholic morality, which often leads to self-repression). At the same time, various forms of daily resistance are rescued, such as concealment, dissimulation, or feigned ignorance (which also contain different ramifications), and which present notable differences at the level of gender. The differences in the way dissident sexualities are repressed in the two states, allow us to show that, despite being fascist dictatorships that appear chronologically close and with similar ideological complexes, there are specificities relating to both contexts (and even within the States themselves, with territorial specificities) that change the way they observe (and oppress) sexualities outside the norm. In this sense, the análisis carried out here show that it is not just because there is an ideological sharing that the way of doing things is the same, and contributes to reinforcing the need to continue to rescue the memory of dissident sexualities (in Europe and the world, in dictatorships or democracies).
Descrição
Doutoramento em associação com a NOVA Direito e a Universidade de Lisboa
Palavras-chave
Homossexualidade Lesbianismo Ditadura Sexualidades dissidentes Memória Resistência Estado Novo Franquismo Dissident sexualities Resistance Memory