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A Egitânia entre mouros e templários. Usos e consumos da cerâmica num território em mudança
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A presente tese de doutoramento teve como principal objetivo identificar e compreender o consumo e a produção cerâmica medieval da antiga Egitânia, mais especificamente os séculos V e XII. Tal objetivo enquadra-se numa abordagem arqueológica centrada especialmente na cerâmica comum, proveniente de intervenções realizadas nos últimos 30 anos, que permaneciam por estudar e publicar. Para efetuar o estudo foi necessário uma revisão de todos os dados disponíveis e a criação de um catálogo que pudesse uniformizar as informações relativas às campanhas arqueológicas em estudo, já que a maioria das escavações não possuía relatórios ou publicações e utilizaram formas de registo diferenciadas. Foram assim analisados 17 mil fragmentos cerâmicos, tendo-se identificados 637 peças como Número Mínimo de Recipientes (NMR) provenientes de 20 locais intervencionados na antiga cidade. O estudo feito possibilitou a definição de três horizontes de produção e consumo diferentes: Horizonte 1, integrado entre os séculos V e VII; o Horizonte 2, datado entre finais do século VII e inícios do século IX; e o Horizonte 3, englobando os séculos IX e XII. Para cada um dos horizontes definiu-se características específicas em termos da tecnologia e das formas das cerâmicas então produzidas e consumidas na Idanha. Em termos históricos e arqueológicos, o estudo possibilitou contribuir para um conhecimento mais profundo Egitânia Alto Medieval. No século V, a cidade continuou a fazer parte dos circuitos comerciais de distribuição de peças de Terra Sigillata. Foi também nesses séculos que se identificaram significativas alterações urbana, que se integram num profundo processo de transformação estrutural urbana, que já se havia iniciado no século anterior. A Egitânia conseguiu manter o seu estatuto de centro urbano, tendo então conhecido um dos principais momentos de relevo político e ideológico. Nessa altura, e durante todo o período em análise, a cerâmica da Idanha era dominada pelas produções de âmbito local. A fase marcada pelo final da monarquia Visigoda e a conquista islâmica do século VIII continua a ser uma das fases menos conhecidas em Idanha-a-Velha. Foi o período para o qual tivemos menos níveis arqueológicos individualizados e peças identificadas, limitando as interpretações possíveis. Dentre as elações que podemos tirar sobre essa fase, destaca-se alguns indícios de uma possível ligação às produções de Mérida, devido aos paralelos cerâmicos existentes. A partir do século IX (ou do H3A), detetam-se algumas mudanças nas produções cerâmicas, mas que não são necessariamente exclusivas de Idanha-a-Velha, já que são uma tendência comum observada em outros contextos conhecidos nas Beiras. Outra das novidades deste estudo é ter-se aferido a reduzida influência das tradições oleiras islâmicas. São efetivamente escassas as cerâmicas vidradas ou pintadas. A tal evidência soma-se o facto de não serem conhecidos enterramentos de rito islâmico em toda a antiga cidade. Tais indicadores deixam perceber uma ténue influência sociocultural islâmica na população local. O período final de análise, balizado entre os séculos XI e XII, demonstra ao nível das cerâmicas uma forte integração nas produções locais das tendências da época e região, sendo evidente uma maior influência vindas das regiões a Norte de Idanha-a-Velha.
The main objective of this doctoral thesis was to identify and understand the consumption and production of medieval pottery in ancient Egitânia, more specifically between the 5th and 12th centuries. This objective fits into an archaeological approach centered especially on common pottery, resulting from interventions carried out in the last 30 years, which remained to be studied and published. To carry out the study, it was necessary to review all the available data and create a catalog that could standardize the information regarding the archaeological campaigns under study, since most of the excavations did not have reports or publications and used different forms of registration. Thus, 17,000 ceramic fragments were analyzed, identifying 637 pieces as Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) from 20 intervention sites in the ancient city. The study enabled the definition of three different horizons of production and consumption: Horizon 1, integrated between the 5th and 7th centuries; Horizon 2, dated between the end of the 7th century and the beginning of the 9th century; and Horizon 3, encompassing the 9th and 12th centuries. For each of the horizons, specific characteristics were defined in terms of the technology and shapes of the ceramics produced and consumed in Idanha. In historical and archaeological terms, the study made it possible to contribute to a deeper knowledge of early medieval Egitânia. In the 5th century, the city continued to be part of the commercial circuits for Terra Sigillata. It was also in these centuries that significant urban changes were identified, which are part of a profound process of urban structural transformation, which had already begun in the previous century. Egitânia managed to maintain its status as an urban center, having one of its main moments of political and ideological importance. At that time, and throughout the period under review, pottery in Idanha were dominated by local productions. The phase marked by the end of the Visigoth monarchy and the Islamic conquest of the 8th century remains one of the least known phases in Idanha-a-Velha. It was the period for which we had fewer archaeological levels and identified pieces, limiting the possible interpretations. Among the conclusions that we can draw about this phase, there are some indications of a possible connection to Mérida's productions, due to the existing ceramic parallels. From the 9th century onwards (or the H3A), some changes can be detected in the pottery productions, but these are not necessarily exclusive to Idanha-a-Velha, as they are a common trend observed in other known contexts in the Beira region. Another novelty of this study is that it assessed the reduced influence of Islamic pottery traditions, glazed or painted ceramics are effectively scarce. Added to this evidence is the fact that there aren’t know Islamic rite burials in Idanha. Such indicators reveal a tenuous Islamic sociocultural influence on the local population. The final period of analysis, between the 11th and 12th centuries, demonstrates, in pottery terms, a strong integration of local productions in the trends of the time and region, with a greater influence coming from the regions North of Idanha being evident.
The main objective of this doctoral thesis was to identify and understand the consumption and production of medieval pottery in ancient Egitânia, more specifically between the 5th and 12th centuries. This objective fits into an archaeological approach centered especially on common pottery, resulting from interventions carried out in the last 30 years, which remained to be studied and published. To carry out the study, it was necessary to review all the available data and create a catalog that could standardize the information regarding the archaeological campaigns under study, since most of the excavations did not have reports or publications and used different forms of registration. Thus, 17,000 ceramic fragments were analyzed, identifying 637 pieces as Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) from 20 intervention sites in the ancient city. The study enabled the definition of three different horizons of production and consumption: Horizon 1, integrated between the 5th and 7th centuries; Horizon 2, dated between the end of the 7th century and the beginning of the 9th century; and Horizon 3, encompassing the 9th and 12th centuries. For each of the horizons, specific characteristics were defined in terms of the technology and shapes of the ceramics produced and consumed in Idanha. In historical and archaeological terms, the study made it possible to contribute to a deeper knowledge of early medieval Egitânia. In the 5th century, the city continued to be part of the commercial circuits for Terra Sigillata. It was also in these centuries that significant urban changes were identified, which are part of a profound process of urban structural transformation, which had already begun in the previous century. Egitânia managed to maintain its status as an urban center, having one of its main moments of political and ideological importance. At that time, and throughout the period under review, pottery in Idanha were dominated by local productions. The phase marked by the end of the Visigoth monarchy and the Islamic conquest of the 8th century remains one of the least known phases in Idanha-a-Velha. It was the period for which we had fewer archaeological levels and identified pieces, limiting the possible interpretations. Among the conclusions that we can draw about this phase, there are some indications of a possible connection to Mérida's productions, due to the existing ceramic parallels. From the 9th century onwards (or the H3A), some changes can be detected in the pottery productions, but these are not necessarily exclusive to Idanha-a-Velha, as they are a common trend observed in other known contexts in the Beira region. Another novelty of this study is that it assessed the reduced influence of Islamic pottery traditions, glazed or painted ceramics are effectively scarce. Added to this evidence is the fact that there aren’t know Islamic rite burials in Idanha. Such indicators reveal a tenuous Islamic sociocultural influence on the local population. The final period of analysis, between the 11th and 12th centuries, demonstrates, in pottery terms, a strong integration of local productions in the trends of the time and region, with a greater influence coming from the regions North of Idanha being evident.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Beira Interior Cidade Antiga Bispado alto medieval Produção cerâmica Alta Idade Média Inner Beira Ancient City Early Medieval Bishopric Pottery production Early Middle Ages