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O Instrumento Militar no Quadro da Cooperação para a Paz e Segurança
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Desde a adoção da Carta das Nações Unidas a comunidade internacional, muito apoiada no emprego do instrumento militar, passou a ter um papel ativo no âmbito da prevenção e resolução de conflitos, implementando um conceito denominado em linguagem “onusiana” de peacekeeping. Também desde esta época se assiste a um debate entre as perspetivas realista e liberal sobre o enquadramento da participação dos Estados e das organizações internacionais na resolução de conflitos. O fim da Guerra-fria haveria de provocar uma mudança nos conceitos e mecanismos de cooperação no domínio da defesa e segurança e com o sucesso das ideias liberais, esta visão das relações internacionais passou a ser prevalente. Os objetivos das denominadas “operações de paz” mudaram significativamente, envolvendo mudanças qualitativas, quantitativas e normativas no que concerne ao papel e âmbito de aplicação do instrumento militar, destacando-se a intervenção em conflitos intraestatais, com objetivos relacionados com segurança humana, a construção da paz e o desenvolvimento de estruturas de modelo de governação apoiadas numa matriz liberal. As intervenções da comunidade internacional no Kosovo e em Timor-Leste constituíram-se numa oportunidade para materializar este modelo intervenção. O instrumento militar, apesar das diferenças significativas no seu contexto de emprego, teve nestes dois casos um papel que os diversos observadores consideram de muito relevante, embora com diferentes níveis de sucesso. Porém, a extensão a que estas operações foram levadas parece ter sido “uma ponte longe demais” no que respeita ao intervencionismo da comunidade internacional apoiada numa visão puramente liberal. As alterações do contexto estratégico, a partir do início do sec. XXI, com o aumento da complexidade e a recuperação da visão realista, levam-nos a adaptar a base concetual para a aplicação do instrumento militar no domínio da gestão e resolução de conflitos. Esta base de aplicação deverá manter como linha estruturante o estado final militar desejado. No entanto, o atingir dos diversos pontos decisivos do processo passará a ser mais exigente pela materialização de um conjunto de constrangimentos impostos pela agenda realista com uma redução na liberdade estratégica para a aplicação direta deste instrumento de poder, sob coordenação da comunidade internacional. O modelo, visando fortalecer as funções internas do Estado onde é feita a intervenção, deverá ser apoiado na aplicação simultânea e balanceada das diferentes funções estratégicas do instrumento militar, respeitando o interesse dos diferentes atores envolvidos. Fazendo um esforço na estabilização e na proteção dos civis, o principal objetivo a atingir com o emprego deste instrumento deverá ser o desenvolvimento e robustecimento das estruturas de segurança e defesa do Estado, para que este recupere e mantenha o monopólio da força armada, garantindo, desta forma, as condições de estabilidade e segurança que permitam o desenvolvimento e o bem-estar no território.
Since the adoption of the United Nations Charter, the international community, widely supported in the use of the military instrument, has played an active role in conflict prevention and resolution, implementing a concept called peacekeeping. Since then, there has also been a debate between the realistic and liberal perspectives on the framework of the participation of states and international organisations in conflict resolution. The end of the Cold War would cause a change in the concepts and mechanisms of cooperation in the field of defence and security and with the success of liberal ideas, this view of international relations has become prevalent. The objectives of the so-called "peace operations" have changed significantly, involving qualitative, quantitative, and normative changes regarding the role and scope of the military instrument, especially the intervention in intrastate conflicts, with objectives related to human security, peace building and the development of governance model structures supported by a liberal matrix. The interventions of the international community in Kosovo and Timor-Leste were an opportunity to materialize this intervention model. The military instrument, despite significant differences in its employment context, played a role in these two cases that the various observers consider very relevant, although with different levels of success. However, the extent to which these operations were taken seems to have been "a bridge too far" regarding the interventionism of the international community supported by a purely liberal view. Changes in the strategic context from the beginning of the XXI century, with increasing complexity and the recovery of the realistic vision, lead us to adapt the conceptual basis for the implementation of the military instrument in the field of conflict management and resolution. This base of application should maintain as a structuring line the desired military endstate. However, the reaching of the various decisive points of the process will become more demanding by the materialization of a set of constraints imposed by the realistic agenda with a reduction in strategic freedom for the direct application of this instrument of power, under the coordination of the international community. The model, aiming to strengthen the internal functions of the State where the intervention is made, should be supported in the simultaneous and balanced application of the different strategic functions of the military instrument, respecting the interest of the different actors involved. Making an effort to stabilize and protect civilians, the main objective to be achieved with the use of this instrument should be the development and strengthening of the security and defence structures of the State, so that it recovers and maintains the monopoly of armed force, thus ensuring the conditions of stability and security that allow the development and well-being in the territory.
Since the adoption of the United Nations Charter, the international community, widely supported in the use of the military instrument, has played an active role in conflict prevention and resolution, implementing a concept called peacekeeping. Since then, there has also been a debate between the realistic and liberal perspectives on the framework of the participation of states and international organisations in conflict resolution. The end of the Cold War would cause a change in the concepts and mechanisms of cooperation in the field of defence and security and with the success of liberal ideas, this view of international relations has become prevalent. The objectives of the so-called "peace operations" have changed significantly, involving qualitative, quantitative, and normative changes regarding the role and scope of the military instrument, especially the intervention in intrastate conflicts, with objectives related to human security, peace building and the development of governance model structures supported by a liberal matrix. The interventions of the international community in Kosovo and Timor-Leste were an opportunity to materialize this intervention model. The military instrument, despite significant differences in its employment context, played a role in these two cases that the various observers consider very relevant, although with different levels of success. However, the extent to which these operations were taken seems to have been "a bridge too far" regarding the interventionism of the international community supported by a purely liberal view. Changes in the strategic context from the beginning of the XXI century, with increasing complexity and the recovery of the realistic vision, lead us to adapt the conceptual basis for the implementation of the military instrument in the field of conflict management and resolution. This base of application should maintain as a structuring line the desired military endstate. However, the reaching of the various decisive points of the process will become more demanding by the materialization of a set of constraints imposed by the realistic agenda with a reduction in strategic freedom for the direct application of this instrument of power, under the coordination of the international community. The model, aiming to strengthen the internal functions of the State where the intervention is made, should be supported in the simultaneous and balanced application of the different strategic functions of the military instrument, respecting the interest of the different actors involved. Making an effort to stabilize and protect civilians, the main objective to be achieved with the use of this instrument should be the development and strengthening of the security and defence structures of the State, so that it recovers and maintains the monopoly of armed force, thus ensuring the conditions of stability and security that allow the development and well-being in the territory.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Cooperação Segurança Resolução de Conflitos Cooperação Técnico-Militar Timor-Leste Kosovo Operações de Paz Instrumento Militar Monopólio da Força Timor Conflict Resolution Peacekeeping Operations Military Instrument Force Monopoly