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Origem e constituição do Movimento Olímpico em Portugal - Da afirmação e organização da prática desportiva ao reconhecimento do Comité Olímpico Português
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O surgimento do Movimento Olímpico em Portugal é ainda uma temática pouco analisada pela historiografia nacional. O objetivo desta tese é estudar e compreender a afirmação do Movimento Olímpico - fundado a partir do final do século XIX por iniciativa do barão Pierre de Coubertin – e a criação, a 30 de abril de 1912, do Comité Olímpico Português possibilitando a participação nacional nos Jogos Olímpicos. A internacionalização dos atletas portugueses tinha-se iniciado nos últimos anos do século XIX, mostrando que Portugal, apesar da sua pequena escala, conseguiu acompanhar, ainda que com algumas dificuldades, o ritmo intenso que então já se vivia além-fronteiras, fazendo-se representar em algumas provas desportivas internacionais. O estudo da afirmação do olimpismo considera-se e inscreve-se num contexto de afirmação e organização da atividade desportiva em Portugal, em particular, entre o final do século XIX e os primeiros anos do século XX a prática desportiva se foi popularizando, desligando-se, gradualmente, das elites que a tinham introduzido em Portugal. Esta crescente “popularização” apesar de não significar uma massificação do desporto contribuiu para a separação entre competição e recreação, na medida em que foi, também, durante esta conjuntura que o desporto ganhou a sua autonomia relativamente a outros lazeres da época. Com a eclosão da Primeira Guerra Mundial, os Jogos Olímpicos de 1916 foram, pela primeira vez na história do olimpismo, cancelados e a sede do COI foi transferida de Paris para Lausanne, onde ainda hoje se mantém. O impacto negativo do conflito na sociedade portuguesa acabou por se reflectir no Movimento Olímpico, contribuindo, por um lado para dar visibilidade ao desinteresse do poder político, e por outro para consciencializar, de forma generalizada, para a importância da prática desportiva. Só em 1919 é que o Ministro da Instrução Pública reconheceu oficialmente o COP, publicando no Diário do Governo n.º 192, IIª Série, de 19/08/1919, o nome das personalidades que viriam a constituir o Comité Olímpico Português. Esta reorganização permitiu nova presença dos atletas nacionais nos Jogos Olímpicos de Antuérpia 1920. Até então, as funções do COP estavam muito circunscritas à preparação e participação nos Jogos Olímpicos, com um caracter que se pode considerar temporário e transitório após cada edição. Estes Jogos marcam o início de uma nova fase de consolidação da instituição que passou a contar com o apoio financeiro do Estado.
The emergence of the Olympic Movement in Portugal is a subject that has been only briefly analysed by national historiography. This thesis aims at studying the country’s first contacts and the assertion of the Olympic Movement – developed from the end of the 19th century under the initiative of Pierre de Coubertin – and which were at the basis of the creation, on April 30, 1912, of the Portuguese Olympic Committee, to enable the Portuguese participation in the Olympic Games. The internationalization of the Portuguese athletes started in the last years of the 19th century, showing that Portugal, despite its small scale, managed to keep up with the intensity that was already being experienced abroad. The study of the assertion of olympism is considered and inscribed in a context of the sports organization in Portugal between the end of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century, sports became, gradually, a popular practice gradually disconnected from the elites who had introduced it in Portugal. This growing “popularization” does not mean, however, a massification of sport, it contributed, instead, to a separation between competition and recreation, as it was also during this period that sport started to gain autonomy from other leisure activities. With the outbreak of the First World War, the 1916 Olympic Games were, for the first time in the history of Olympism canceled, and the IOC headquarters transferred from Paris to Lausanne, where they are located to this day. The negative impact of the conflict in the Portuguese society ended up being reflected in the Olympic Movement, contributing, on the one hand to give visibility to the disinterest of the political power, but also to raise awareness, in general, to the importance of sports practice. It was only in 1919 that the Minister of Public Instruction officially recognized the Olympic Committee of Portugal, publishing in the Official Gazette, of August 19, 1919 the names of the personalities who then became its members. This reorganization allowed for a new presence of national athletes in the Antwerp, 1920, games. It should be stressed that until then the functions of the Olympic Committee of Portugal were almost exclusively related to the preparation and participation in the Games, having a temporary nature. The Antwerp Games marked the beginning of a new phase of consolidation of the institution, that started to benefit also from the State’s financial support.
The emergence of the Olympic Movement in Portugal is a subject that has been only briefly analysed by national historiography. This thesis aims at studying the country’s first contacts and the assertion of the Olympic Movement – developed from the end of the 19th century under the initiative of Pierre de Coubertin – and which were at the basis of the creation, on April 30, 1912, of the Portuguese Olympic Committee, to enable the Portuguese participation in the Olympic Games. The internationalization of the Portuguese athletes started in the last years of the 19th century, showing that Portugal, despite its small scale, managed to keep up with the intensity that was already being experienced abroad. The study of the assertion of olympism is considered and inscribed in a context of the sports organization in Portugal between the end of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century, sports became, gradually, a popular practice gradually disconnected from the elites who had introduced it in Portugal. This growing “popularization” does not mean, however, a massification of sport, it contributed, instead, to a separation between competition and recreation, as it was also during this period that sport started to gain autonomy from other leisure activities. With the outbreak of the First World War, the 1916 Olympic Games were, for the first time in the history of Olympism canceled, and the IOC headquarters transferred from Paris to Lausanne, where they are located to this day. The negative impact of the conflict in the Portuguese society ended up being reflected in the Olympic Movement, contributing, on the one hand to give visibility to the disinterest of the political power, but also to raise awareness, in general, to the importance of sports practice. It was only in 1919 that the Minister of Public Instruction officially recognized the Olympic Committee of Portugal, publishing in the Official Gazette, of August 19, 1919 the names of the personalities who then became its members. This reorganization allowed for a new presence of national athletes in the Antwerp, 1920, games. It should be stressed that until then the functions of the Olympic Committee of Portugal were almost exclusively related to the preparation and participation in the Games, having a temporary nature. The Antwerp Games marked the beginning of a new phase of consolidation of the institution, that started to benefit also from the State’s financial support.
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Palavras-chave
Movimento olímpico Portugal Desporto História do Desporto Comité Olímpico Olympic Movement Sport Sports History Olympic Committee