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As portas do mar oceano: vilas e cidades portuárias algarvias na idade média (1249-1521)
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A presente tese tem como objetivo estudar as vilas e cidades portuárias do Algarve no período entre 1249 e 1521 – Aljezur, Sagres, Lagos, Alvor, Portimão, Porches, Silves, Albufeira, Loulé, Faro, Tavira, Cacela, Castro Marim e Alcoutim –, à luz de três questões fundamentais: (I) Como se forma, evolui e funciona uma hierarquia e rede urbana portuária? (II) Como se forma e se desenvolve a paisagem urbana das vilas e cidades portuárias? (III) Qual o impacto do porto e das atividades marítimas na configuração da paisagem urbana? A sua escolha não foi fortuita, uma vez que consideramos que a reconstituição e o estudo da rede urbana, bem como da relação do espaço urbano com o porto podem permitir futuramente a realização de estudos mais aprofundados sobre outras temáticas, como por exemplo, a sua sociedade e economia. Tal propicia ainda a reflexão sobre a existência de uma rede urbana portuária e cidades portuárias no Algarve e se estes conceitos podem ser válidos para estudar e melhor compreender o Portugal Medieval. A estrutura do presente trabalho organiza-se em seis capítulos distintos, mas complementares a fim de responder às questões que formulamos. No primeiro capítulo apresentamos o trabalho heurístico desenvolvido nos arquivos locais e centrais, as potencialidades e limitações do corpus documental reunido para as temáticas em estudo e a metodologia seguida no seu tratamento. Dedicámo-nos, em seguida, a esclarecer a corelação entre os aspetos geográficos e as estratégias dos poderes em presença e o seu papel no desenvolvimento e articulação dos núcleos urbanos antes da conquista (capítulo dois). No terceiro capítulo, apresentamos o processo de conquista e incorporação definitiva do Algarve no reino português (c. 1238-1267) e, sobretudo, a estratégia dos poderes presentes na região para promover o seu enquadramento e organização (1264/1267-1325). Começamos, assim, por explorar as estratégias régias para enquadrar e organizar as localidades algarvias a nível administrativo, fiscal e judicial, bem como reforçar e fortalecer o seu poder e autoridade numa região recém-incorporada e durante tanto tempo, disputada. Uma vez clarificadas estas questões, apresentamos as iniciativas e medidas tomadas tanto pelo bispo e cabido de Silves, como pelas ordens religiosas aí presentes, para estender e consolidar o seu poder no território algarvio. No capítulo quatro procurámos demonstrar o processo de consolidação e afirmação das vilas e cidades portuárias algarvias (1325-1521). Desde logo, a lenta formação de novas vilas portuárias e a senhorialização tardia dos núcleos urbanos, assim a reação das localidades. Clarificadas estas questões, apresentamos as ameaças que as localidades algarvias enfrentaram – o abastecimento cerealífero, as doenças e as guerras – e as estratégias que utilizaram para combater estes problemas, procurando refletir sobre o alcance das suas medidas e os benefícios que trouxeram por vezes para as localidades. De igual modo, procurámos explorar alguns dos sinais de consolidação e afirmação dos núcleos urbanos em estudo, nomeadamente o crescimento sociodemográfico, a diversificação, hierarquização e especialização de alguns sectores económicos e ainda, a complexificação e aprofundamento da malha administrativa. Dedicámo-nos, então, a explorar a hierarquia urbana e a cooperação entre os concelhos. Uma vez clarificados estes aspectos, concentramos o nosso olhar sobre a paisagem urbana das localidades, os seus elementos e a sua evolução (capítulo cinco). Dedicámo-nos, por fim, a estudar os portos algarvios e as suas características, assim como o seu papel e das atividades marítimo-fluviais na configuração do espaço urbano, o que nos permitiu refletir e identificar a existência de cidades portuárias e cidades com portos no Algarve.
This thesis aims to study the Algarve port towns (Aljezur, Sagres, Lagos, Alvor, Portimão, Porches, Silves, Albufeira, Loule, Faro, Tavira, Cacela, Castro Marim and Alcoutim) between 1249 and 1521. We will focus on three fundamental questions: (I) How does an urban port network and hierarchy form, evolve and function? (II) How is the urban landscape of port towns formed and developed? (III) What is the impact of the port and maritime activities on the urban landscape configuration? This choice was not fortuitous, as we consider that the reconstitution and study of the urban network, as well as the relationship between urban space and the port, will allow further studies on other topics, such as its society and economy. This path also allows us to reflect on the existence of an urban network and port towns in the Algarve and if these concepts can be valid to study and better understand Medieval Portugal. Therefore, this thesis is organized into six distinct but complementary chapters in order to answer the previous questions. On the first one, we present the heuristic work developed in the local and central archives, the potentialities and limitations of the documentation gathered, and the methodology followed in its treatment. We then dedicated ourselves to clarify the correlation between the geographical aspects and the strategies of the powers present in the region and their role in the development and articulation of urban centres before the conquest (chapter two). In the third chapter, we present the process of conquest and definitive incorporation of the Algarve into the Portuguese kingdom (c. 1238-1267) and, above all, the strategy of the powers to promote its organization (1264 / 1267-1325). We thus began by exploring the royal strategies for organizing the Algarve towns at administrative, fiscal and judicial levels, as well as strengthening their power and authority in a newly incorporated and long-contested region. Once these issues have been clarified, we present the initiatives and measures taken by both the bishop of Silves and the religious orders present in the region to extend and consolidate their power in the Algarve. In chapter four we demonstrate the process of consolidation and rise of the Algarve port towns (1325-1521). Firstly, the slow formation of new port towns and the late senhorialização of the urban centres, as well as their reaction. This will help us study the threats that the Algarve towns faced - grain supply, disease and war -, the strategies used to solve them, trying to reflect on the scope of their measures and the benefits for the communities. In the same way, we tried to explore some of the signs of consolidation and rise of the urban centres under study, namely the socio-demographic growth, the diversification, hierarchization and specialization of some economic sectors, as well as the complexification of the administrative network. We then dedicated ourselves to exploring the urban hierarchy and cooperation between the municipalities. Considering the evolution of the urban network, we change our attention to the urban landscape, its elements and its evolution (chapter five). Finally, we explore the Algarve ports and their characteristics, as well as their role and the maritime activities in the configuration of the urban space, which allowed us to reflect and identify the existence of port towns and towns with ports in the Algarve.
This thesis aims to study the Algarve port towns (Aljezur, Sagres, Lagos, Alvor, Portimão, Porches, Silves, Albufeira, Loule, Faro, Tavira, Cacela, Castro Marim and Alcoutim) between 1249 and 1521. We will focus on three fundamental questions: (I) How does an urban port network and hierarchy form, evolve and function? (II) How is the urban landscape of port towns formed and developed? (III) What is the impact of the port and maritime activities on the urban landscape configuration? This choice was not fortuitous, as we consider that the reconstitution and study of the urban network, as well as the relationship between urban space and the port, will allow further studies on other topics, such as its society and economy. This path also allows us to reflect on the existence of an urban network and port towns in the Algarve and if these concepts can be valid to study and better understand Medieval Portugal. Therefore, this thesis is organized into six distinct but complementary chapters in order to answer the previous questions. On the first one, we present the heuristic work developed in the local and central archives, the potentialities and limitations of the documentation gathered, and the methodology followed in its treatment. We then dedicated ourselves to clarify the correlation between the geographical aspects and the strategies of the powers present in the region and their role in the development and articulation of urban centres before the conquest (chapter two). In the third chapter, we present the process of conquest and definitive incorporation of the Algarve into the Portuguese kingdom (c. 1238-1267) and, above all, the strategy of the powers to promote its organization (1264 / 1267-1325). We thus began by exploring the royal strategies for organizing the Algarve towns at administrative, fiscal and judicial levels, as well as strengthening their power and authority in a newly incorporated and long-contested region. Once these issues have been clarified, we present the initiatives and measures taken by both the bishop of Silves and the religious orders present in the region to extend and consolidate their power in the Algarve. In chapter four we demonstrate the process of consolidation and rise of the Algarve port towns (1325-1521). Firstly, the slow formation of new port towns and the late senhorialização of the urban centres, as well as their reaction. This will help us study the threats that the Algarve towns faced - grain supply, disease and war -, the strategies used to solve them, trying to reflect on the scope of their measures and the benefits for the communities. In the same way, we tried to explore some of the signs of consolidation and rise of the urban centres under study, namely the socio-demographic growth, the diversification, hierarchization and specialization of some economic sectors, as well as the complexification of the administrative network. We then dedicated ourselves to exploring the urban hierarchy and cooperation between the municipalities. Considering the evolution of the urban network, we change our attention to the urban landscape, its elements and its evolution (chapter five). Finally, we explore the Algarve ports and their characteristics, as well as their role and the maritime activities in the configuration of the urban space, which allowed us to reflect and identify the existence of port towns and towns with ports in the Algarve.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
História Urbana História Marítima Portos Rede Urbana Espaço Urbano Algarve Urban History Maritime History Urban Network Urban Space Ports