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Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool to Support the Development of a Novel Multifunctional Treatment for Porous Sandstone Conservation

2026-04-01Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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dc.contributor.authorCasagrande, Naiara Machado
dc.contributor.authorFarrall, Helena
dc.contributor.authorMartinho, Graça
dc.contributor.authorPinto, Ana Paula Ferreira
dc.contributor.authorFonseca, Bruno Sena da
dc.contributor.institutionMARE - Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente
dc.contributor.pblMolecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-15T08:56:01Z
dc.date.available2026-06-15T08:56:01Z
dc.date.issued2026-04-01
dc.descriptionPublisher Copyright: © 2026 by the authors.
dc.description.abstractPorous stones are widely used in historical constructions and represent a major component of built cultural heritage. Their conservation commonly depends on multiple single-function products, such as consolidants, hydrophobic agents, biocides, or cleaning agents, which are often toxic and environmentally burdensome. This study performs an environmental assessment of a novel multi-function product designed for the sustainable conservation of porous stones and compares it with other conservation treatment alternatives. This product integrates green chemistry and nanotechnology through a water-based alkoxysilane modified with layered double hydroxide (LDH) particles. Laboratory and field tests on Portuguese monuments demonstrated suitable technical performance, including high substrate compatibility, effective consolidation depth, durable hydrophobicity, biocidal effect, and minimal visual alteration. To evaluate its environmental performance, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out, from cradle-to-grave. The system boundaries encompassed production, application, and transportation stages, with 1 m2 of treated sandstone surface as the functional unit. LCA was performed using CML-IA and ReCiPe methodologies in the SimaPro software. The results revealed the extent of environmental impacts of the novel product, addressing the multi-function strategy compared with conventional products and treatment scenarios. They identified critical life cycle stages for improvement to further enhance environmental performance across scenarios, particularly the influence of perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane on the environmental burden of the novel product. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of LCA as a design and decision support tool for developing sustainable, multifunctional materials for cultural heritage conservation.en
dc.description.versionpublishersversion
dc.description.versionpublished
dc.format.extent20
dc.format.extent2259696
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/su18073425
dc.identifier.issn2071-1050
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 162127999
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: ff7c99df-9e5d-4577-a017-9678bfe5ff43
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 105035559802
dc.identifier.otherWOS: 001738962800001
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/203771
dc.identifier.urlhttps://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105035559802
dc.identifier.urlhttps://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:001738962800001
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.subjectCultural heritage conservation
dc.subjectEnvironmental sustainability
dc.subjectLife cycle assessment (LCA)
dc.subjectMultifunctional treatment
dc.subjectPorous stones
dc.subjectStone conservation materials
dc.subjectComputer Science (miscellaneous)
dc.subjectGeography, Planning and Development
dc.subjectRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
dc.subjectEnvironmental Science (miscellaneous)
dc.subjectEnergy Engineering and Power Technology
dc.subjectHardware and Architecture
dc.subjectComputer Networks and Communications
dc.subjectManagement, Monitoring, Policy and Law
dc.subjectSDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy
dc.subjectSDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production
dc.titleLife Cycle Assessment as a Tool to Support the Development of a Novel Multifunctional Treatment for Porous Sandstone Conservationen
dc.typejournal article
degois.publication.firstPage1
degois.publication.issue7
degois.publication.lastPage20
degois.publication.titleSustainability (Switzerland)
degois.publication.volume18
dspace.entity.typePublication
rcaap.rightsopenAccess

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