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A Systematic Review of Numerical Modelling Approaches for Cryogenic Energy Storage Systems

2026-01Recensão Acesso aberto
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dc.contributor.authorSemedo, Arian
dc.contributor.authorGarcia, João
dc.contributor.authorBrito, Moisés
dc.contributor.institutionDEMI - Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Industrial
dc.contributor.institutionUNIDEMI - Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Engenharia Mecânica e Industrial
dc.contributor.pblMDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-08T14:30:02Z
dc.date.available2026-07-08T14:30:02Z
dc.date.issued2026-01
dc.descriptionPublisher Copyright: © 2025 by the authors.
dc.description.abstractCryogenic Energy Storage (CES) has emerged as a promising solution for large-scale and long-duration energy storage, offering high energy density, zero local emissions, and compatibility with intermittent renewable energy sources. This systematic review critically examines recent advances in the numerical modeling of CES systems, with the objective of identifying prevailing methodologies, emerging trends, and existing research gaps. The studies analyzed are classified into three main categories: global thermodynamic modeling, simulation of specific components, and transient dynamic modeling. The findings highlight the continued use of thermodynamic models due to their simplicity and computational efficiency, alongside a growing reliance on high-fidelity CFD and transient models for more realistic operational analyses. A clear trend is also observed toward hybrid approaches, which integrate deterministic modeling with machine learning techniques and response surface methodologies to enhance predictive accuracy and computational performance. Nevertheless, significant challenges persist, including the absence of multiscale integrative models, the scarcity of high-resolution experimental data under transient conditions, and the limited consideration of operational uncertainties and material degradation. It is concluded that the development of integrated numerical frameworks will be critical to advancing the technological maturity of CES systems and ensuring their robust deployment in real-world energy transition scenarios. Additionally, the review also discusses local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) conditions, the influence of geometric and operational parameters, and the role of multidimensional and multi-region modeling in predicting thermal and exergy performance of packed-bed TES within LAES cycles.en
dc.description.versionpublishersversion
dc.description.versionpublished
dc.format.extent23
dc.format.extent1135279
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/pr14010051
dc.identifier.issn2227-9717
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 167721115
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: dedafe67-d243-4135-9ff5-b4667d9b3c65
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 105027315061
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/204392
dc.identifier.urlhttps://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105027315061
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.subjectcryogenic energy storage
dc.subjectLTNE
dc.subjectnumerical modeling
dc.subjectthermodynamic simulation
dc.subjectBioengineering
dc.subjectChemical Engineering (miscellaneous)
dc.subjectProcess Chemistry and Technology
dc.subjectSDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy
dc.titleA Systematic Review of Numerical Modelling Approaches for Cryogenic Energy Storage Systemsen
dc.typereview
degois.publication.issue1
degois.publication.titleProcesses
degois.publication.volume14
dspace.entity.typePublication
rcaap.rightsopenAccess

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