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Alimentação na Baixa de Cassange
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1º - As populações da Baixa de cassange obtêm principalmente a sua alimentação dos recursos naturais do meio onde vivem. O aumento dos rendimentos praticamente não influi sobre a obtenção dos alimentos por compra. A população tendo fixado um tipo de alimentação na dependência dos recursos naturais, não modifica este tipo mesmo que tenha possibilidade financeira de o fazer.
2º - A base da sua alimentação é a mandioca, cultura que exige pouco esforço e que se conserva, na terra, com facilidade.
3º - O consumo de legumes frescos é assaz restrito entre estas populaões e o valor nutritivo daqueles que mais se consomem, as folhas verdes de diferentes proveniências, é limitado pelos récipes culinários com que são utilizados.
É diminuta a atenção que as populações dedicam à confecção e manutenção de hortas, pelo que a maior parte destes legumes vêm da mata ou das lavras.
4º - O pequeno consumo de algumas leguminosas secas (macunde e gergelim) nas épocas de penúria resulta mais das pequenas quantidades produzidas que das dificuldades de conservação. As leguminosas aparecem coo alimentos de reserva e recurso quando não é possível obter outros géneros mais ricos em proteínas e lípidos.
5º - Com os meios à disposição dos nativos o milho só se conserva durante pouco tempo. Não há, pois, interesse em aumentar a produção deste cereal, visto que, dada aquela circunstância, a produção que ultrapassa o consumo é comercializada e o aumento do poder de compra que resulta só em medida insignificante é empregado na aquisição de melhores alimentos – é o mercado das bebidas alcoólicas que principalmente beneficia.
6º - O consumo de proteínas animais é condicionado pelos recursos e tradições locais. A aquisição (carne de bovinos e peixe seco) e a caça são as suas grandes fontes.
Os rios são pobres em peixe e o consumo de pequenos animais (pequenos mamíferos, insectos, vermes e crustáceos) nunca atinge nível importante.
As proteínas vegetais das leguminosas só muito incompletamente cobrem estas deficiências.
7º - As gorduras apresentam-se também em grande deficiência. São o amendoim, o gergelim e as palmeiras dendém que fornecem a sua pequena quota, e em particular as últimas, cujo óleo é na maior parte obtido por compra.
Das que constituem recurso natural só beneficiam os aglomerados que vivem junto aos palmares espontâneos nas margens de alguns rios.
8º - Os frutos são pouco consumidos. Com excepção da bananeira, as árvores que os produzem são pouco abundantes na região.
9º - O cálculo tabular dos regimes mostra que estes são insuficientes em proteínas animais, cálcio, tiamina e riboflavina. Além destas, o exame clínico mostrou insuficiência em vitamina A e vitamina C.
10º - Os teores médicos anuais de calorias, ferro, vitamina A, niacina e vitamina C são satisfatórios. Quanto às vitaminas A e C tal insuficiência é só aparente, conforme já referimos no número anterior.
São as seguintes as linhas de orientaão geral das medidas proposta para a melhoria da situação alimentar da população estudada:
1º - Criação de recursos naturais de alimentos especialmente destinados a suprir as deficiências verificadas, satisfazendo as predilecções da população.
2º - Quando tal não for possível, introdição, mediante ensaios e testes especialmente promovidos, de géneros que também satisfaçam aquelas condições e qua sejam muito baratos quando tenham de ser adquiridos.
3º - Equilibrio das campanhas alimentares, isto é, não promover a produção de um alimento em excesso com prejuízo de outros, embora todos eles sejam necessários.
De acordo com estas linhas, são as seguintes as medidas indicadas:
1º - Plantação e difusão de palmeiras dendém e atvores cujo frutos sejam ricos em vitamina C (mamoeiros, goiabeiros) – correcção das deficiências de lípidos, vitamina A e vitamina C.
2º - Implantação de tanques de piscicultura – corecção das deficiências em proteínas animais, cálcio e riboflavina.
3º - Multiplicação e difusão da variedade vermelha de batata-doce – correcção da deficiência de vitamina A.
4º - Introdução da cultura da jinguba-ia-kambambi nas lavras e de certos legumes frescos (pimentos por exemplo) nas hortas – correcção da deficiência de vitamina C.
5º - As campanhas alimentares devem ser feitas por distribuição de sementes, não por agricultor, mas por agregado familiar e de maneira fraccionada, de modo que as colheitas se possam prolongar durante um período de tempo tão dilatado quanto possível.
6º - Ensaios para introdução e consumo de farinha de peixe. Como os ensaios de aceitabilidade já realizados resultaram positivos, há que prosseguir com ensaios de propaganda e venda.
1º - Les populations de la “Baixa de Cassange” obtiennent son alimentation surtout des ressources naturelles du milieu où eles vivente. L’augmentation des revenus n’a pas, partiquement, d’influence sur l’obtention de la nourriture par achat. La population, ayant fixé un type d’alimentation dépendante des ressources naturelles, ne modifie pas ce type, même si elle a la possibilite financière de le faire. 2º - La base de son alimentation c’est le manioc, culture qui exige très peu d’effort et qui se conserve facilement dans la terre. 3º - La consommation des legumes frais c’est assaez restreinte parmi ces populations et la valeur nutritive de ceux qu’ont plus de consommation, les fevilles vertes de diferentes provenances, est limitée par les recettes culinaires utilisées. C’est très faible l’attention consacrée par les populations à la confection et à la manutention des potagers, et c’est par ça que la plupart de ces legumes vient de la brousse où des terres labourées. 4º - La petite consommation de quelques légumineuses sèches (“macunde” et sésame) pendant les époques de pénurie est due plutôt aux petites quantittés produites qu’aux difficultés de conservation. Les légumineuses apparaissent comme aliments de réserve et ressource, lorsqu’il n’est pas possible d’obtenir d’autres denrées plus riches en proteins etben lipids. 5º - Étant donnés les moyens que les aborigènes ont à sa disposition, le mais ne se conserve pas longtemps. Pourtant il n’y a pas d’intérêt dans l’augmentation de la production de ce céréale, puisque, étant données les mauvaises conditions de conservation, toute la production excédant est vendue. L’accroissement du pouvoir d’achat resultant est, Presque totolement, absorbé par le marché de boissons alcooliques e til n’y a qu’une petite partie qui soit utilisée pour l’acquisition dautres denrées. 6º - La consummation des proteins d’origine animale est conditionnée par les ressour ces et par la tradition locales. L’acquisition (viande de boeuf et poisson sec) et la chasse sont leurs sources principals. Les rivières sont pauvres en poisson et la consummation des petites bêtes (petits mamifères, insects, vers et crustacés) n’atteint pas un niveau important. Les proteins d’origine végétale (des légumineuses) ne peuvent pas combler ce déficit que d’une façon três incomplète. 7º - Les graisses se présent aussi en grand déficit. Ce sont les arachides, les sesames et les palmiers qui donnent sa petite cotisation, surtout le palmier sous la forme d’huile, lequel est Presque complétement obtenu par achat. De celles qui sont ressources naturelles bénéficient seulement les agglomérats vivant près des palmiers spontanés sur les rives de certains fleuvres. 8º - Ont utilize très peu les fruits. A l’exception des bananiers les arbres fruitiers sont rares dans la region. 9º - Le calcul tabulaires des regimes montre que ceux-ci sont insuffisants en protéines d’origine animale, calcium, thyamine et riboflavin. Outre celles-ci, l’examen Clinique a montré l’insuffisance de vitamine A et de vitamine C. 10º - Les teneurs moyennes, annuelles, de calories, fer, vitamine A et C, tells suffisance est seulement apparente, comme nous l’avons déjà dit u paragraphe antérieur. Les lignes d’orientation générale des mesures proposes pour l’amélioration de la situation alimentaire de la population étudiée sont les suivantes: 1º - Crétion de ressources naturelles de denrées spécialement destinées à suppléer les déficts constates, satisfaisant les prédilections de la population, et ayant bonnes conditions de développement dans la région. 2º - Si ça n’est pas possible, on doit, moyennant des essais et des tests spécialement promus, introduire des denrés satisfaisant les conditions mentionnées et ayant un prix très bon marché si ells doivent être acquises. 3º - Équilibre des campagnes alimentaires, c’est à dire, on ne doit pas fomenter la production d’un alimente à l’excès, au détriment d’autres quoiqu’ils soient tous necessaires. D’accord avec ces lignes de conduit, les mesures proses sont les suivantes: 1º - Plantation et diffusion de palmiers et d’arbres don’t les fruits soient riches en vitamin C (papyer, goyavier) – correction de deficits de lipids, vitamin A et vitamin C. 2º - Implantation d’étangs de pisciculture – correction des déficits de protéines d’origine animale, calcium et riboflavine. 3º - Multiplication et difusion de la variété rouge de la patate – correction du déficit de vitamine A. 4º - Introduction de la culture de “jinguba-ia-kambambi” dans les terres labourées et de certains legumes frais dans les potagers (piments, par exemple) – correction du déficit de vitamine C. 5º - On doit faire les campagnes alimentaires par distribution de semences par agrégé familier e non pas par agriculteur. On doit faire la distribution de farine de poisson. Comme les essais d’acceptation, déjà réalisés, ont été positifs, on doit continuer les essais de propagande et de vente.
1st – The populations of Biaxa Cassange live mainly off the country. The increase of their resources does not result in purchasing their food in the market. This population have a diet based upon the natural resources and do not alter this diet even having the financial possibility of doing it. 2nd – The base of their food is cassava, which cultura does not require a great effort that can be kept in the ground easily. 3rd – The consumption of legumes is limited among this populations and the nutritive value of the more common ones – green leaves from different plants – is still limited by these populations to the cultivation and care of vegetable gardens, so the majority of these legumes come from the wood or from the cultivated fields. 4th – The short consumption of some pulses (cow-pea and sesame) in poor seasons is caused rather by the short production than by the difficulty of their storage. Pulses are used as stored foodstuffs for a resource when other foodstuffs richer in proteins and lipids cannot be obtained. 5th – with the means the natives are able to use maize can be stored only for short time. So, no advantage come from the increase of this cereal production provided it could not be stored nad that its production, being superior to its consumption, has to be market. The funds arising from marketing it are scarcely expended in purchasing better food stuffs but mainly expended in alcoholic beverages. 6th – The consumption of animal proteins depends on the local resources as well as on the local traditional habits. Beef, dried fish and game are their great sources. The rivers are poor in fish and the consumption of little animals (little mammals, insects, worms and crustaceans) never attains a considerable level. The vegetable proteins of the pulses scarcely supply for these deficiencies. 7th – Fats are also deficient. Groundnuts, sesame and red palms are the origin of the little amount of fats. The latter, particularly, supplies the oil which in the majority is purchased in the market. Only the vilagers who live by the wild red palm areas near some rivers may benefit from the fats of the nature. 8th – Fruits are little consumed. There are few fruit trees in the region excepting bananas. 9th – The diet estimations according to the tables show that these diets are deficient in animal proteins, calcium, thiamine and riboflavin. Besides these deficiencies the clinical examination showed that vitamins A and C are also deficient. 10th – The annual average contents of calories, iron, vitamin A, niacin and vitamin C are pretty good. As to vitamins A and C they are only apparently sufficient as it was referred in the latter item. The general norms which are suggested for the improvement of the diets of the population surveyed are as follows: 1st – Arrangements of natural foodstuff resources according to the population’s taste and having good conditions of development for supplying, particularly, the deficiencies verifyed. 2nd – If not feasible, experiments as well as tests shall be carried out for the introduction of foodstuffs with the same characters and, at the same time, being very cheap if they have to be got in the market. 3rd – Dietary surveys balance, i.e., not to promote the excessive production of a food with prejudice against the others, although every one is necessary. According to these norms the following measures are pointed out: 1st – Plantation and diffusion of red palms and trees which fruits are rich in vitamin C (mamey apple tree, guava tree) – correction of deficiencies of lipids, vitamins A and C. 2nd – Arrangementsfor fishing pools – correction of deficiencies of animal proteins, calcium and riboflavin. 3rd – Multiplication and diffusion of the red sweet potato species – correction of vitamin A deficiency. 4th – Introduction of the voandzeia bean culture in the cultivated fields as well as the cuture of some legumes (green pepper, for instance) in the vegetable gardens – correction of vitamin C deficiency. 5th – Dietary surveys should be carried out by distributing the seeds in portions, not per farmer but family aggregation in such a way that the harvest could be prolongated for a period so long as possible. 6th – Trials for the introduction of fish flour consumption. As the trials for its acceptancy were already carried out and have resulted good we should go on with propaganda and marketing trials.
1º - Les populations de la “Baixa de Cassange” obtiennent son alimentation surtout des ressources naturelles du milieu où eles vivente. L’augmentation des revenus n’a pas, partiquement, d’influence sur l’obtention de la nourriture par achat. La population, ayant fixé un type d’alimentation dépendante des ressources naturelles, ne modifie pas ce type, même si elle a la possibilite financière de le faire. 2º - La base de son alimentation c’est le manioc, culture qui exige très peu d’effort et qui se conserve facilement dans la terre. 3º - La consommation des legumes frais c’est assaez restreinte parmi ces populations et la valeur nutritive de ceux qu’ont plus de consommation, les fevilles vertes de diferentes provenances, est limitée par les recettes culinaires utilisées. C’est très faible l’attention consacrée par les populations à la confection et à la manutention des potagers, et c’est par ça que la plupart de ces legumes vient de la brousse où des terres labourées. 4º - La petite consommation de quelques légumineuses sèches (“macunde” et sésame) pendant les époques de pénurie est due plutôt aux petites quantittés produites qu’aux difficultés de conservation. Les légumineuses apparaissent comme aliments de réserve et ressource, lorsqu’il n’est pas possible d’obtenir d’autres denrées plus riches en proteins etben lipids. 5º - Étant donnés les moyens que les aborigènes ont à sa disposition, le mais ne se conserve pas longtemps. Pourtant il n’y a pas d’intérêt dans l’augmentation de la production de ce céréale, puisque, étant données les mauvaises conditions de conservation, toute la production excédant est vendue. L’accroissement du pouvoir d’achat resultant est, Presque totolement, absorbé par le marché de boissons alcooliques e til n’y a qu’une petite partie qui soit utilisée pour l’acquisition dautres denrées. 6º - La consummation des proteins d’origine animale est conditionnée par les ressour ces et par la tradition locales. L’acquisition (viande de boeuf et poisson sec) et la chasse sont leurs sources principals. Les rivières sont pauvres en poisson et la consummation des petites bêtes (petits mamifères, insects, vers et crustacés) n’atteint pas un niveau important. Les proteins d’origine végétale (des légumineuses) ne peuvent pas combler ce déficit que d’une façon três incomplète. 7º - Les graisses se présent aussi en grand déficit. Ce sont les arachides, les sesames et les palmiers qui donnent sa petite cotisation, surtout le palmier sous la forme d’huile, lequel est Presque complétement obtenu par achat. De celles qui sont ressources naturelles bénéficient seulement les agglomérats vivant près des palmiers spontanés sur les rives de certains fleuvres. 8º - Ont utilize très peu les fruits. A l’exception des bananiers les arbres fruitiers sont rares dans la region. 9º - Le calcul tabulaires des regimes montre que ceux-ci sont insuffisants en protéines d’origine animale, calcium, thyamine et riboflavin. Outre celles-ci, l’examen Clinique a montré l’insuffisance de vitamine A et de vitamine C. 10º - Les teneurs moyennes, annuelles, de calories, fer, vitamine A et C, tells suffisance est seulement apparente, comme nous l’avons déjà dit u paragraphe antérieur. Les lignes d’orientation générale des mesures proposes pour l’amélioration de la situation alimentaire de la population étudiée sont les suivantes: 1º - Crétion de ressources naturelles de denrées spécialement destinées à suppléer les déficts constates, satisfaisant les prédilections de la population, et ayant bonnes conditions de développement dans la région. 2º - Si ça n’est pas possible, on doit, moyennant des essais et des tests spécialement promus, introduire des denrés satisfaisant les conditions mentionnées et ayant un prix très bon marché si ells doivent être acquises. 3º - Équilibre des campagnes alimentaires, c’est à dire, on ne doit pas fomenter la production d’un alimente à l’excès, au détriment d’autres quoiqu’ils soient tous necessaires. D’accord avec ces lignes de conduit, les mesures proses sont les suivantes: 1º - Plantation et diffusion de palmiers et d’arbres don’t les fruits soient riches en vitamin C (papyer, goyavier) – correction de deficits de lipids, vitamin A et vitamin C. 2º - Implantation d’étangs de pisciculture – correction des déficits de protéines d’origine animale, calcium et riboflavine. 3º - Multiplication et difusion de la variété rouge de la patate – correction du déficit de vitamine A. 4º - Introduction de la culture de “jinguba-ia-kambambi” dans les terres labourées et de certains legumes frais dans les potagers (piments, par exemple) – correction du déficit de vitamine C. 5º - On doit faire les campagnes alimentaires par distribution de semences par agrégé familier e non pas par agriculteur. On doit faire la distribution de farine de poisson. Comme les essais d’acceptation, déjà réalisés, ont été positifs, on doit continuer les essais de propagande et de vente.
1st – The populations of Biaxa Cassange live mainly off the country. The increase of their resources does not result in purchasing their food in the market. This population have a diet based upon the natural resources and do not alter this diet even having the financial possibility of doing it. 2nd – The base of their food is cassava, which cultura does not require a great effort that can be kept in the ground easily. 3rd – The consumption of legumes is limited among this populations and the nutritive value of the more common ones – green leaves from different plants – is still limited by these populations to the cultivation and care of vegetable gardens, so the majority of these legumes come from the wood or from the cultivated fields. 4th – The short consumption of some pulses (cow-pea and sesame) in poor seasons is caused rather by the short production than by the difficulty of their storage. Pulses are used as stored foodstuffs for a resource when other foodstuffs richer in proteins and lipids cannot be obtained. 5th – with the means the natives are able to use maize can be stored only for short time. So, no advantage come from the increase of this cereal production provided it could not be stored nad that its production, being superior to its consumption, has to be market. The funds arising from marketing it are scarcely expended in purchasing better food stuffs but mainly expended in alcoholic beverages. 6th – The consumption of animal proteins depends on the local resources as well as on the local traditional habits. Beef, dried fish and game are their great sources. The rivers are poor in fish and the consumption of little animals (little mammals, insects, worms and crustaceans) never attains a considerable level. The vegetable proteins of the pulses scarcely supply for these deficiencies. 7th – Fats are also deficient. Groundnuts, sesame and red palms are the origin of the little amount of fats. The latter, particularly, supplies the oil which in the majority is purchased in the market. Only the vilagers who live by the wild red palm areas near some rivers may benefit from the fats of the nature. 8th – Fruits are little consumed. There are few fruit trees in the region excepting bananas. 9th – The diet estimations according to the tables show that these diets are deficient in animal proteins, calcium, thiamine and riboflavin. Besides these deficiencies the clinical examination showed that vitamins A and C are also deficient. 10th – The annual average contents of calories, iron, vitamin A, niacin and vitamin C are pretty good. As to vitamins A and C they are only apparently sufficient as it was referred in the latter item. The general norms which are suggested for the improvement of the diets of the population surveyed are as follows: 1st – Arrangements of natural foodstuff resources according to the population’s taste and having good conditions of development for supplying, particularly, the deficiencies verifyed. 2nd – If not feasible, experiments as well as tests shall be carried out for the introduction of foodstuffs with the same characters and, at the same time, being very cheap if they have to be got in the market. 3rd – Dietary surveys balance, i.e., not to promote the excessive production of a food with prejudice against the others, although every one is necessary. According to these norms the following measures are pointed out: 1st – Plantation and diffusion of red palms and trees which fruits are rich in vitamin C (mamey apple tree, guava tree) – correction of deficiencies of lipids, vitamins A and C. 2nd – Arrangementsfor fishing pools – correction of deficiencies of animal proteins, calcium and riboflavin. 3rd – Multiplication and diffusion of the red sweet potato species – correction of vitamin A deficiency. 4th – Introduction of the voandzeia bean culture in the cultivated fields as well as the cuture of some legumes (green pepper, for instance) in the vegetable gardens – correction of vitamin C deficiency. 5th – Dietary surveys should be carried out by distributing the seeds in portions, not per farmer but family aggregation in such a way that the harvest could be prolongated for a period so long as possible. 6th – Trials for the introduction of fish flour consumption. As the trials for its acceptancy were already carried out and have resulted good we should go on with propaganda and marketing trials.
Descrição
Contém quadros, gráficos e mapas.
Palavras-chave
Saúde pública Nutrição Alimentação
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Nunes, José António Pereira (1960) . Alimentação na Baixa de Cassange: inquérito de consumo e nutricionais campanhas alimentares e obras de fomento . Porto . Instituto de Medicina , vol. 17, n.º ?, p. 283 - 435
Editora
Instituto de Medicina Tropical