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Barium, zinc & strontium yellows in late 19th-early 20th century oil paintings

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dc.contributor.authorOtero, Vanessa
dc.contributor.authorCampos, Mart Felix
dc.contributor.authorSarmento, Joana Maria Doria Vaz Pinto Morais
dc.contributor.authorVilarigues, Márcia
dc.contributor.authorCarlyle, Leslie Anne
dc.contributor.authorMelo, M. J.
dc.contributor.institutionDCR - Departamento de Conservação e Restauro
dc.contributor.institutionDCM - Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais
dc.contributor.institutionCENIMAT-i3N - Centro de Investigação de Materiais (Lab. Associado I3N)
dc.contributor.institutionUNINOVA-Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias
dc.contributor.institutionVICARTE - Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes
dc.contributor.institutionLAQV@REQUIMTE
dc.contributor.pblSpringerOpen
dc.date.accessioned2019-02-22T23:12:03Z
dc.date.available2019-02-22T23:12:03Z
dc.date.issued2017
dc.descriptionPortuguese Science Foundation (FCT) (SFRH/BD/74574/2010; SFRH/BD/70093/2010) FEDER funds through the COMPETE Programme (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007265; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007688) PTDC/EAT-EAT/113612/2009 UID/QUI/50006/2013 UID/CTM/50025/2013
dc.description.abstractThis work focuses on the study of the 19th century yellow chromate pigments based on barium - (BaCrO4), zinc -(4ZnCrO(4)center dot K2O center dot 3H(2)O) and strontium (SrCrO4). These pigments, which are reported to shift in hue and darken, have been found in 19th century artworks. A better understanding of their historic manufacture will contribute to the visual/chemical interpretation of change in these colours. Research was carried out on the Winsor & Newton (W&N) 19th century archive database providing a unique insight into their manufacturing processes. One hundred and three production records were found, 69% for barium, 25% for zinc and 6% for strontium chromates, mainly under the names Lemon, Citron and Strontian Yellow, respectively. Analysis of the records shows that each pigment is characterised by only one synthetic pathway. The low number of records found for the production of strontium chromate suggests W&N was not selling this pigment formulation on a large scale. Furthermore, contrary to what the authors have discovered for W&N chrome yellow pigments, extenders were not added to these pigment formulations, most probably due to their lower tinting strength (TS). The latter was calculated in comparison to pure chrome yellow (PbCrO4, 100% TS) resulting in 92% for barium, 65% for zinc potassium and 78% for strontium chromate pigments. This indicates that W&N was probably using extenders primarily to adjust pigment properties and not necessarily as a means to reduce their costs. Pigment reconstructions following the main methods of synthesis were characterised by complementary analytical techniques: Fibre optic reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, micro-Raman and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. These pigments can be clearly distinguished on the basis of their infrared CrO42- asymmetric stretching fingerprint profile (between 1000 and 700 cm(-1)) and of their Raman CrO42- stretching bands (850-950 cm(-1)). This enabled their identification in historic paint samples: a tube of late 19th century W&N Lemon Yellow oil paint and micro-samples from paintings by three Portuguese painters, Antonio Silva Porto (1850-1893), Joao Marques de Oliveira (1853-1927) and Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso (1887-1918). The good correlation found between the reconstructions and historic samples validates their use as reference materials for future photochemical studies.en
dc.description.versionpublishersversion
dc.description.versionpublished
dc.format.extent2520283
dc.identifier.doi10.1186/s40494-017-0160-3
dc.identifier.issn2050-7445
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 3884392
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: 5cf36207-fe52-496c-aa54-c45f64a92c6a
dc.identifier.otherWOS: 000415252800001
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 85034028892
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0003-2336-0773/work/53725634
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0001-7393-6801/work/54649385
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0003-0847-7711/work/69844614
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/61348
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.subjectBarium yellow
dc.subjectZinc yellow
dc.subjectStrontium yellow
dc.subjectReconstructions
dc.subjectWinsor & Newton archive
dc.subject19th century paintings
dc.subjectµ-Raman
dc.subjectµ-FTIR
dc.subjectFORS
dc.subjectXRD
dc.titleBarium, zinc & strontium yellows in late 19th-early 20th century oil paintingsen
dc.typejournal article
degois.publication.titleHeritage Science
degois.publication.volume5
dspace.entity.typePublication
rcaap.rightsopenAccess

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