Alginate Microencapsulation as a Tool to Improve Biostimulant Activity Against Water Deficits

Climate change is reducing agricultural productivity through altered weather patterns and extreme events, potentially decreasing yields by 10–25%. Biostimulants like pyroglutamic acid can enhance plant tolerance to water stress, but their rapid degradation in the soil limits effectiveness. Encapsulation in alginate matrices promises to be a good solution, protecting the compound and enabling controlled release. This study reports, for the first time, that encapsulated pyroglutamic acid markedly enhances drought tolerance in tomato and maize plants. The encapsulation strategy reduces effective concentration by an order of magnitude while significantly improving water use efficiency, photo-synthetic performance, and overall stress resilience. These findings demonstrate that alginate-based encapsulation substantially increases biostimulant uptake and efficacy, providing a novel and efficient strategy to mitigate water stress in crops, with important implications for climate-resilient agriculture. Two encapsulation methods for generating the alginate microcapsules are compared: ionic gelation with Nisco® system and the electrospray technique.

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Funding Information: D.J.-A. thanks the European Commission for the Marie Sklodowska Curie contract (101025125). R.P.S. thanks Cabildo de Tenerife for the postdoctoral contract within the “Programa Talentum Innovación CSIC”. Publisher Copyright: © 2025 by the authors.