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Simulation–Driven Design of Ankle–Foot Orthoses Using DoE Optimization and 4D Visualization

2025-09Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Marta
dc.contributor.authorMilho, João
dc.contributor.institutionDEMI - Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Industrial
dc.contributor.institutionUNIDEMI - Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Engenharia Mecânica e Industrial
dc.contributor.institutionFaculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT)
dc.contributor.pblMDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-13T12:11:01Z
dc.date.available2026-02-13T12:11:01Z
dc.date.issued2025-09
dc.descriptionPublisher Copyright: © 2025 by the authors.
dc.description.abstractBackground/Objectives: The simulation of human movement offers transformative potential for the design of medical devices, particularly in understanding the cause–effect dynamics in individuals with neurological or musculoskeletal impairments. This study presents a simulation-driven framework to determine the optimal ankle–foot orthosis (AFO) stiffness for mitigating the risk of ankle sprains due to excessive subtalar inversion during high-impact activities, such as landing from a free fall. Methods: We employed biomechanical simulations to assess the influence of translational stiffness on subtalar inversion control, given that inversion angles exceeding 25 degrees are strongly correlated with injury risk. Simulations were conducted using a musculoskeletal model with and without a passive AFO; the stiffness varied in three anatomical directions. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was utilized to capture nonlinear interactions among stiffness parameters. Results: The results indicated that increased translational stiffness significantly reduced inversion angles to safer levels, though direction–dependent effects were noted. Based on these insights, we developed a 4D visualization tool that integrates simulation data with an interactive color–coded interface to depict ”safe design” zones for various AFO stiffness configurations. This tool supports clinicians in selecting stiffness values that optimize both safety and functional performance. Conclusions: The proposed framework enhances clinical decision-making and engineering processes by enabling more accurate and individualized AFO designs.en
dc.description.versionpublishersversion
dc.description.versionpublished
dc.format.extent4075625
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/biomechanics5030055
dc.identifier.issn2673-7078
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 153210660
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: 1f89995f-a6e2-479c-85d5-70f27c7232db
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 105017397306
dc.identifier.otherWOS: 001580216900001
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/200371
dc.identifier.urlhttps://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105017397306
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.subjectankle–foot orthosis (AFO)
dc.subjectbiomechanical simulation
dc.subjectinjury prevention
dc.subjectsubtalar inversion
dc.subjectOrthopedics and Sports Medicine
dc.subjectBiomedical Engineering
dc.subjectRehabilitation
dc.titleSimulation–Driven Design of Ankle–Foot Orthoses Using DoE Optimization and 4D Visualizationen
dc.typejournal article
degois.publication.issue3
degois.publication.titleBiomechanics (Switzerland)
degois.publication.volume5
dspace.entity.typePublication
rcaap.rightsopenAccess

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