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A EUROPA E O ESPAÇO: CONTRIBUTO PARA UMA COOPERAÇÃO ESPACIAL PAN-EUROPEIA
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O espaço rodeia-nos e é parte integrante da nossa cultura há milénios. Mas o espaço não é apenas um horizonte distante: além de multidisciplinar, é, mais do que nunca, um domínio estratégico fundamental para as sociedades e o mundo de hoje.
Em cerca de seis décadas de atividades espaciais, foram lançados milhares de objetos espaciais, sendo a maioria satélites, dos quais dependem inúmeras atividades do dia-a-dia. Através da cooperação internacional, e praticamente desde o início, foram criadas as bases jurídicas que formam o Direito Espacial Internacional, cujo regime jurídico é aplicável aos Estados e organizações internacionais, assim como a privados. De lá para cá, a utilização e exploração do espaço exterior, outrora limitada a um reduzido número de Estados, é
conduzida por múltiplos atores, públicos e privados, cujas atividades espaciais variam, em número e diversidade. Os interesses são também multifacetados, civis, comerciais ou militares, refletindo alterações socioeconómicas, científicas e tecnológicas, bem como, e em especial, geopolíticas.
Nesta encruzilhada, a cooperação espacial é central e surge em vários contextos e com finalidades diversas. A nível universal, em particular no âmbito da Organização das Nações Unidas, a cooperação é decisiva para o desenvolvimento do Direito Espacial Internacional, com o debate e adoção de instrumentos jurídicos não vinculativos que procuram colmatar insuficiências dos tratados internacionais. A nível regional e bilateral, a cooperação espacial surge não apenas do ponto de vista científico e tecnológico, mas também para favorecer os interesses de grupos de Estados que entre si cooperam e competem. Ou seja, à cooperação está associada a competição, marcada por crescentes tensões a nível global e regional, que intensificam a necessidade dos Estados em cooperar em projetos de grande dimensão como são os espaciais, sobretudo através de organizações internacionais.
O modelo de cooperação regional mais destacado e de maior sucesso, mas também de elevada complexidade política e jurídica, é o da Europa, materializado pela Agência Espacial Europeia, a União Europeia e pelos respetivos Estados-Membros. Conhecer as respetivas competências para o domínio do espaço, a cooperação entre as duas organizações internacionais, assim como entre estas e os seus Estados-Membros, num percurso de cerca de quatro décadas, é o cerne da investigação. A partir daqui, abordando os principais
objetivos e desafios, atuais e futuros, que se colocam aos intervenientes deste modelo triangular, permitem-nos enquadrar a cooperação regional com uma dimensão pan-europeia.
Space surrounds us and has been an integral part of our culture for millennia. However, space is not just a distant horizon: besides being a multidisciplinary field, it is, more than ever, a fundamental strategic domain for today's societies and the world. In nearly six decades of space activities, thousands of space objects have been launched, most of them satellites, on which numerous day-to-day activities rely. Through international cooperation, and almost from the very beginning, the legal bases that form International Space Law were created, whose legal regime applies to States and international organizations, as well as private entities. Since then, the use and exploration of outer space, once limited to a handful of States, has been carried out by multiple actors, both public and private, whose space activities vary, both in number and diversity. The interests are also manifold, civil, commercial or military, reflecting socio-economic, scientific and technological changes, as well as, and especially, geopolitical ones. At this crossroads, space cooperation is central and comes up in various contexts and for different purposes. At a universal level, particularly within the framework of the United Nations, cooperation is decisive for the development of International Space Law, with discussions and the adoption of non-binding legal instruments that attempt to overcome the shortcomings of international treaties. At a regional and bilateral scale, space cooperation arises not only for scientific and technological purposes, but also to favour the interests of groups of States that cooperate and compete. In other words, cooperation is coupled with competition, marked by growing tensions at both global and regional levels, intensifying the need for States to cooperate on large-scale projects such as those involving space, especially through international organizations. The most prominent and successful model of regional cooperation, but one that is also highly complex both politically and legally, is that of Europe, embodied by the European Space Agency, the European Union and all Member States. Understanding the two international organizations' competences in the space domain, as well as the cooperation between them and their respective Member States, over a period of about four decades, is the core of this investigation. From here, by addressing the key goals and challenges, both present and future, facing the parties involved in this triangular model, allow us to frame the regional cooperation with a pan-European dimension.
Space surrounds us and has been an integral part of our culture for millennia. However, space is not just a distant horizon: besides being a multidisciplinary field, it is, more than ever, a fundamental strategic domain for today's societies and the world. In nearly six decades of space activities, thousands of space objects have been launched, most of them satellites, on which numerous day-to-day activities rely. Through international cooperation, and almost from the very beginning, the legal bases that form International Space Law were created, whose legal regime applies to States and international organizations, as well as private entities. Since then, the use and exploration of outer space, once limited to a handful of States, has been carried out by multiple actors, both public and private, whose space activities vary, both in number and diversity. The interests are also manifold, civil, commercial or military, reflecting socio-economic, scientific and technological changes, as well as, and especially, geopolitical ones. At this crossroads, space cooperation is central and comes up in various contexts and for different purposes. At a universal level, particularly within the framework of the United Nations, cooperation is decisive for the development of International Space Law, with discussions and the adoption of non-binding legal instruments that attempt to overcome the shortcomings of international treaties. At a regional and bilateral scale, space cooperation arises not only for scientific and technological purposes, but also to favour the interests of groups of States that cooperate and compete. In other words, cooperation is coupled with competition, marked by growing tensions at both global and regional levels, intensifying the need for States to cooperate on large-scale projects such as those involving space, especially through international organizations. The most prominent and successful model of regional cooperation, but one that is also highly complex both politically and legally, is that of Europe, embodied by the European Space Agency, the European Union and all Member States. Understanding the two international organizations' competences in the space domain, as well as the cooperation between them and their respective Member States, over a period of about four decades, is the core of this investigation. From here, by addressing the key goals and challenges, both present and future, facing the parties involved in this triangular model, allow us to frame the regional cooperation with a pan-European dimension.
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Palavras-chave
Espaço Europa Direito Espacial Internacional Agência Espacial Europeia International Space Law Space Europe European Space Agency