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Climate Crisis International Negotiations Overhaul: Integrating a Business-Oriented Approach
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A Crise Climática é um tipo especial de problema: é global, complexa e envolve altos riscos. As Negociações dentro do Regime Internacional de Mudança Climática das Nações Unidas (UNFCCC) tem ocorrido desde a sua criação na Rio Earth Summit em 1992. Reuniões anuais (COPs) começaram em 1995 envolvendo representantes dos Estados-Membros, cientistas, empresas, organizações não-governamentais (NGOs,) e ativistas, algumas vezes chegando a acordos que eram celebrados quando ratificados (Protocolo de Kyoto, Acordo de Paris), mas que na prática não foram capazes até hoje de reduzir as emissões de gases de
efeito estufa (GHG), que causam o aquecimento global. A tese analisa ‘Business’ como ator em Relações Internacionais (RI) e sua participação na crise climática, e também formas possíveis de envolver esse ator mais diretamente nestas negociações . A tese analisa a dinâmica dessas negociações em paralelo com as mudanças de comportamento provocadas nas indústrias de Tabaco e Farmacêutica (caso dos opioidse). O
framework usado na análise é baseado no Harvard Negotiation Project, modificado de acordo com o modelo de Regimes Internacionais de Krasner. A tese tem foco em duas indústrias, Energia e Finanças, devido a relevância delas na ‘solução’ da Crise Climática. Analisar o processo de negociação do clima pode ser útil para negociações em outras issue-area. Há inúmeros estudos sobre negociações em RI e na Área de Negócios, mas não muitas que estudam estes dois campos e fazer paralelos entre eles. A propria crise climática não é um tema analisado profundamente em RI e apresenta múltiplas facetas, sendo objeto de diferentes disciplinas em Ciências Sociais: Direito, Ética, Diplomacia, Estratégia, entre outras. O principal objetivo da investigação é produzir recomendações que poderiam aumentar a efetividade das Negociações sobre o Clima através da adoção de estratégias que funcionam no ambiente de negócios, e da consideração do Business como participante integral das negociações. A Hipótese Central se baseia no facto de que se o processo de
Negociação da UNFCCC continuar indefinidamente sem sofrer modificações, ele não vai produzir os resultados esperados, e essas modificações devem focar na causa-raiz das emissões de GHG, que são econômicas. Empresas, em particular as transnacionais, são atores importantes na Economia, e devem ser considerados explicitamente como parte do problema e peça fundamental dos esforços de redução de emissões, mais do que elas tem sido consideradas até a ratificação do Acordo de Paris.
The Climate Crisis constitute a special kind of problem: it is global, complex and involve high stakes. The Negotiations under the Climate Change International Regime (UNFCCC) have been occurring since its creation, in the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. Annual meetings (COPs) started in 1995 involving representatives from the states that are part of the United Nations, scientists, Businesses, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), and activists, sometimes agreed on deals that were celebrated when ratified (e.g., Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement), but that in practice were not capable of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), which cause the global warming. An analysis of Business as an International Relations actor and its share in the climate crisis is made, and possible ways of involving them more directly, formally, and effectively in the International Negotiations are addressed. The thesis analyses these negotiations dynamics in parallel with ‘provoked’ changes on the Tobacco and Pharmaceutical (focus on opioids) industries’ behaviours. The framework used in this analysis is based on the Harvard Negotiation Project, modified according to the Krasner’s International Regimes model. The thesis focuses on two industries, Energy and Finance, due to their relevance to the ‘solution’ of the Climate Crisis. The investigation main objective is producing recommendations that could increase the effectiveness of the Climate International Negotiations by adopting strategies that have been proven in the business realm and in considering Business as a full participant of the negotiation rounds. The Central Hypothesis is that relying on the current UNFCCC Negotiations process indefinitely without changes will not generate the expected results, and that these changes must focus on the root causes of the GHG emissions, which are economic. Companies, particularly the transnational ones, are important actors in Economy, and they must be considered explicitly as part of the problem, and fundamental part of the GHG emissions reduction effort, more than it was considered till the ratification of the Paris Agreement.
The Climate Crisis constitute a special kind of problem: it is global, complex and involve high stakes. The Negotiations under the Climate Change International Regime (UNFCCC) have been occurring since its creation, in the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. Annual meetings (COPs) started in 1995 involving representatives from the states that are part of the United Nations, scientists, Businesses, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), and activists, sometimes agreed on deals that were celebrated when ratified (e.g., Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement), but that in practice were not capable of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), which cause the global warming. An analysis of Business as an International Relations actor and its share in the climate crisis is made, and possible ways of involving them more directly, formally, and effectively in the International Negotiations are addressed. The thesis analyses these negotiations dynamics in parallel with ‘provoked’ changes on the Tobacco and Pharmaceutical (focus on opioids) industries’ behaviours. The framework used in this analysis is based on the Harvard Negotiation Project, modified according to the Krasner’s International Regimes model. The thesis focuses on two industries, Energy and Finance, due to their relevance to the ‘solution’ of the Climate Crisis. The investigation main objective is producing recommendations that could increase the effectiveness of the Climate International Negotiations by adopting strategies that have been proven in the business realm and in considering Business as a full participant of the negotiation rounds. The Central Hypothesis is that relying on the current UNFCCC Negotiations process indefinitely without changes will not generate the expected results, and that these changes must focus on the root causes of the GHG emissions, which are economic. Companies, particularly the transnational ones, are important actors in Economy, and they must be considered explicitly as part of the problem, and fundamental part of the GHG emissions reduction effort, more than it was considered till the ratification of the Paris Agreement.
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Crise climática Negociações internacionais Empresas em Relações Internacionais Empresa transnacional Regime Internacional COP UNFCCC Não proliferação de combustíveis fósseis Cumprimento de acordos negociados Finanças do clima Transição energética Regulação global Precificação do carbono Climate crisis International negotiations Business in International Relations Transnational company International regime COP UNFCCC Fossil fuel non-proliferation Negotiation compliance Climate finance Energy transition Global regulation Carbon pricing