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A review of digital eye strain

2025-10Recensão Acesso aberto
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dc.contributor.authorBarata, Maria João
dc.contributor.authorAguiar, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorGrzybowski, Andrzej
dc.contributor.authorMoreira-Rosário, André
dc.contributor.authorLança, Carla
dc.contributor.institutionCentro de Investigação em Saúde Pública (CISP/PHRC)
dc.contributor.institutionComprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC) - Pólo ENSP
dc.contributor.institutionEscola Nacional de Saúde Pública (ENSP)
dc.contributor.institutionLaboratório Associado de Translacção e Inovação para a Saúde Global - LA Real (Pólo ENSP)
dc.contributor.institutionCentro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde (CINTESIS)
dc.contributor.institutionNOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM)
dc.contributor.pblMDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-31T11:27:02Z
dc.date.available2026-03-31T11:27:02Z
dc.date.issued2025-10
dc.description© 2025 by the authors.
dc.description.abstract(1) Background: This study investigates the impact of digital device usage on the visual system, with a focus on binocular vision. It also highlights the importance of objective assessment in accurately diagnosing and guiding therapeutic approaches for Digital Eye Strain Syndrome (DESS). (2) Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted to synthesize existing evidence. The methodological quality of observational and case-control studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, while randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias (RoB 2) tool. (3) Results: Fifteen articles were included in this review, with a predominant focus on binocular vision anomalies, particularly accommodative and vergence dysfunctions, as well as ocular surface anomalies related to DESS. Clinical assessments relied primarily on symptom-based questionnaires, which represent a significant limitation. The included studies were largely observational, with a lack of longitudinal and RCTs. In contrast, research in dry eye disease has been more comprehensive, with multiple RCTs already conducted. (4) Therefore, it is essential to develop validated objective metrics that support accurate clinical diagnosis and guide evidence-based interventions. Conclusions: It remains unclear whether changes in binocular vision are a cause or consequence of DESS. However, prolonged screen time can exacerbate pre-existing binocular vision anomalies due to continuous strain on convergence and accommodation, leading to symptoms. Future research should prioritize prospective longitudinal studies and well-designed RCTs that integrate objective clinical measures to elucidate causal relationships and improve diagnostic and therapeutic frameworks.en
dc.description.versionpublishersversion
dc.description.versionpublished
dc.format.extent21
dc.format.extent1469973
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/jemr18050039
dc.identifier.issn1995-8692
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 159220388
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: 6c871b12-6768-4287-a524-114ea1190ee2
dc.identifier.otherPubMed: 40989226
dc.identifier.otherPubMedCentral: PMC12452390
dc.identifier.otherWOS: 001601653400001
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/201939
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.subjectSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being
dc.titleA review of digital eye strainen
dc.title.subtitlebinocular vision anomalies, ocular surface changes, and the need for objective assessmenten
dc.typereview
degois.publication.issue5
degois.publication.titleJournal of eye movement research
degois.publication.volume18
dspace.entity.typePublication
rcaap.rightsopenAccess

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