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Symmetry-breaking cilia-driven flow in embryogenesis
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
The systematic breaking of left-right body symmetry is a familiar feature of human physiology. In humans and many animals, this process originates with asymmetric fluid flow driven by rotating cilia, occurring in a short-lived embryonic organizing structure termed the node. The very low-Reynolds number fluid mechanics of this system is reviewed; important features include how cilia rotation combines with tilt to produce asymmetric flow, boundary effects, time dependence, and the interpretation of particle tracking experiments. The effect of perturbing cilia length and number is discussed and compared in mouse and zebrafish. Whereas understanding of this process has advanced significantly over the past two decades, there is still no consensus on how flow is converted to asymmetric gene expression, with most research focusing on resolving mechanical versus morphogen sensing. The underlying process may be more subtle, probably involving a combination of these effects, with fluid mechanics playing a central role.
Descrição
Funding Information: D.J.S. acknowledges funding from an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Healthcare Technologies Challenge Award (EP/N021096/1); D.J.S. and T.D.M.-J. acknowledge funding from EPSRC First Grant EP/K007637/1. T.D.M.-J. acknowledges a Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 Research Fellowship. S.S.L. acknowledges funding from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT-ANR/BEX-BID/0153/2012 research grant) and FCT Investigator award IF/00951/2012. We are particularly grateful for the guidance and encouragement of Professor Julyan Cartwright and the late Professor John Blake. We thank colleagues Dr. Adan Guerrero and ´ Dr. Idan Tuval and current and former members of the Lisbon and Birmingham groups for their valuable contributions.
Palavras-chave
body axis determination cilia Kupffer's vesicle nodal flow ventral node Condensed Matter Physics