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Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes, Nitrogen Levels and Storage Conditions on Volatiles of ‘Gala’ Apple
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
With a characteristic flavour and aroma, “Maçã de Alcobaça” are apples produced in the western region of the mainland of Portugal. Given the known influence of pre-harvest cultural techniques and post-harvest conservation methods on fruit quality, this work evaluated the effect of cultural factors and conservation methods on the volatile profile of ‘Gala’ apples. Tests were carried out during four seasons (2018 to 2021) in two ‘Gala’ apple orchards (F and S) maintained with different irrigation rates and nitrogen fertilisation [normal irrigation and normal nitrogen (Control, NINN), normal irrigation and excess nitrogen (NIEN), excess irrigation and normal nitrogen (EINN), excess irrigation and excess nitrogen (EIEN)], and under three storage conditions [Controlled Atmosphere + 1-methylcyclopropene (CA+1-MCP), Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere (DCA) and DCA+1-MCP]. The intact fruit volatiles were isolated by headspace solid–phase microextraction (HS–SPME) and analysed by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionisation Detection and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry at harvest (T0) and after 8 months of storage (T8). HS–SPME volatiles from ‘Gala’ apples, obtained at T0 in control conditions, were characterised by trans,trans-α-farnesene dominance (36–69%), followed by hexyl acetate (5–23%) and hexyl hexanoate (3–9%). The four irrigation and nitrogen treatments did not evidence main changes in the apple volatile profile. Instead, storage conditions changed the ratio between compounds; previously undetected compounds attained high percentages and decreased the intensity of the dominant compounds in the control conditions. Although all storage conditions tested changed the volatile profile and emanation intensity, the effect was more accentuated in storage for 8 months with DCA+1-MCP.
Descrição
Funding Information: The authors acknowledge support from FCT/MCTES and PDR2020 through national funds under CESAM UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020+LA/P/0094/2020 and PDR2020 under project SafeApple—Conservação da Qualidade da Maçã de Alcobaça: objetivo resíduos zero, PDR2020-101-031742. Funding Information: This study was partially funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT/MCTES) through national funds under CESAM UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020+LA/P/0094/2020 and by Rural Development Program PDR2020 under project SafeApple—Conservação da Qualidade da Maçã de Alcobaça: objetivo resíduos zero, PDR2020-101-031742. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Palavras-chave
apple Gala cultivar irrigation Maçã de Alcobaça nitrogen SPME storage volatiles Analytical Chemistry Chemistry (miscellaneous) Molecular Medicine Pharmaceutical Science Drug Discovery Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Organic Chemistry